What Is The Function Of Pineal Gland – Rene Descartes called the pineal gland “the seat of the soul”. It is located in the center of the brain. The main function of the pineal gland is to receive signals about the state of the light and dark cycle from the immediate environment and then transmit this information through the production and secretion of melatonin. Melatonin is produced and secreted in a rhythmic pattern.

Melatonin is mainly secreted during the dark period of the day and serves as a marker of the circadian clock.

What Is The Function Of Pineal Gland

Melatonin is also used as a therapy for some sleep disorders, such as jet lag, 24-hour sleep-wake disorders, and delayed sleep phase syndrome.

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Melatonin may have more therapeutic applications in the future, given that melatonin has many physiological roles. Physiological effects of melatonin act at night or at night. It is also effective when used appropriately during the day when melatonin levels are lowest. Melatonin is also involved in neuroprotection, cell protection, reproductive system and other functions. Physiological function of the pineal gland can be impaired by developmental and incidental conditions, including craniopharyngioma, pineal tumors, lesions affecting the sympathetic innervation of the pineal, as well as congenital disorders affecting melatonin secretion. This article highlights the anatomy and physiology of the pineal gland.

The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine structure that includes part of the epithalamus (division of the diencephalon). Other components of the epithalamus are the habenular nuclei, the stria medullaris, the paraventricular nuclei, and the posterior commissure.

The pineal gland begins as an external projection from the posterior wall of the third ventricle, below the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is located in the groove between the superior colliculi and has bilateral connections with the posterior aspects of both thalamus.

The pineal gland is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland arises from the upper cervical ganglia.

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Both the anterior and posterior circulations provide arterial vascularization to the pineal gland, with the primary artery supplying the lateral pineal artery originating from the posterior circulation.

The main mammalian cell types are pinealocytes, which make up 95% of the cells in the pineal gland, followed by phagocytic and astrocytic cells (all glial cells).

The pineal gland connects the pineal gland to the rest of the brain. The pine trunk is divided into lower and upper laminae. The lower laminae contain the posterior commissure and the upper laminae contain the habenular commissure. The pineal recess of the third ventricle fills the space between the laminae. The parenchyma of the pineal gland mainly consists of clusters of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells and the medulla. Neuroglial cells are a major component of the pineal gland.

The pineal gland also contains the brain’s sand or corpora arenasa. Corpora arenacea are deposits of calcium, phosphate, and carbonate that form multilaminar corpora. These deposits accumulate with age and are byproducts of secretory activity. Corpora arenacea are important in clinical situations because they serve as landmarks in radiological tests. They are also used for microscopic identification of the pineal gland.

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The circadian rhythm is an internal biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and undergoes a 24-hour cycle. The circadian rhythm is regulated by the rise and fall of melatonin concentration. It is basically an internal mechanism that allows the body’s physiological processes to be synchronized.

The signals received from the daylight and night rhythm are transmitted to the pineal gland through the retinohypothalamic tract. These signals are transmitted through the following route:

The pineal gland receives signals about light entering the eyes through the hypothalamus. Together with them, the pineal gland can regulate the circadian rhythm through the secretion of melatonin. This unique connection to the eyes and the ability of the pineal gland to respond to light is the reason why it is called the “third eye”.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is synthesized in pinealocytes from tryptophan. Melatonin synthesis occurs mainly in the dark, when the activity of serotonin-N-acetyltransferase increases – the factors responsible for the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptamine to N-acetylserotonin. N-acetylserotonin is then converted to melatonin by acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. Studies have shown that there is usually a marked decrease in serotonin synthesis at night with light treatment – a process that appears to be dependent on proteasomal proteolysis.

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The availability of serotonin and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) is involved in reducing melatonin production. AA-NAT is highly expressed in the retina, pineal gland and pituitary gland, other parts of the brain, and the testis. Melatonin synthesis is described on other sites. Activation of AA-NAT is stimulated by norepinephrine activation of α1b adrenergic receptors and β1 receptors. Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter through β-1 adrenoreceptors, which are potentiated by α-1 stimulation. Norepinephrine levels rise at night.

Melatonin is designed to work on all levels of the body. As such, its actions are multiple and diverse with prospective or multiple effects. Prospective effects occur during the previous day, while immediate effects involving endogenous melatonin occur at night.

Melatonin is involved in circadian thermoregulation. Peak melatonin is associated with decreased body temperature, fatigue, decreased performance and mental alertness.

This association is amplified by exogenous melatonin administration during the day, which causes sleepiness and fatigue and a drop in body temperature.

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Melatonin plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism (high insulin sensitivity, lipogenesis, glycogen synthesis and the sleep phase, where stored energy is used).

The researchers found that taking melatonin in postmenopausal women led to a dramatic decrease in fat mass, followed by an increase in lean mass.

Studies have also shown that low melatonin secretion is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common in short sleepers. Both phenomena can also be observed when the timing of awakening and the secretion of melatonin are incorrect. Administration of melatonin can cause hyperglycemia and iatrogenic insulin resistance in the morning, depending on the time of administration as well as the metabolic characteristics of the subject.

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Recent studies have shown that some variants of the gene that encodes MT-1B are associated with suboptimal beta cell function and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

It is also worth noting that melatonin has been attributed certain cardiovascular effects such as heart rate regulation, vascular resistance and antihypertensive properties.

The control of puberty by the neuroendocrine system is greatly influenced by the pattern of melatonin secretion. It is important to note that the timing of puberty is determined by melatonin secretion (during the photoperiod) in some species.

Studies have shown that melatonin inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone and therefore stops the release of luteinizing hormone, a clear indication that melatonin is involved in the timing of developmental phases.

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Kisspeptin is thought to mediate melatonin inhibition of GnRH secretion. Low melatonin levels are associated with precocious puberty, while high melatonin levels contribute to hypothalamic amenorrhea and delayed puberty.

High doses of melatonin in men (100 mg/day) potentiate testosterone-induced LH suppression. Studies have also shown a negative correlation between melatonin and nocturnal serum LH.

People who live in the arctic region have lower fertility rates in winter, where melatonin levels are always higher than in summer. In summary, many human studies agree that melatonin inhibits reproductive function.

Prevention of oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress more effectively than glutathione due to its high concentration in mitochondria. Although most of these effects occur at supraphysiological doses of melatonin, the exact dose of exogenous melatonin required to produce significant antioxidant activity has not yet been established.

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Disorders of the pineal gland can affect the production of melatonin, which leads to disruption of the body’s natural rhythms. These disorders can range from benign conditions such as pineal gland cysts and calcifications to more serious conditions such as pineal gland tumors. In addition, disorders that disrupt the circadian rhythm, such as jet lag and shift work disorder, can also affect pineal gland function.

The pineal gland is easily calcified. In fact, it is so calcified that it is used as a marker on X-rays. There is a direct correlation between calcium and phosphate deposits and age. It is important to note that there is an association between corpora arenasis and pineal gland calcification. Studies have shown that pineal calcification is higher in Alzheimer’s patients than in other types of dementia. It is also important to note that the correlation between pineal gland calcification and cluster/migraine headaches is loose.

Several tumors can develop from the pineal gland. Correct diagnosis of cancer is important for treatment. Hydrocephalus is usually the primary symptom of cancer. Invasion of the thalamus by the pineal gland can cause numbness and weakness in some parts of the body. Pine invasion of the hypothalamus can affect water and temperature regulation, cause weight gain and sleep disturbances.

The size and location of the tumor can be seen by MRI. The type of tumor can be determined by biopsy.

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