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What Is The Function Of Pancreas In Human Body

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The pancreas is an accessory and exocrine gland of the digestive tract, as well as a hormone producing endocrine gland. It is a retroperitoneal organ with five compartments and an internal system of ducts. The pancreas is supplied by pancreatic arteries from surrounding vessels and is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X), celiac plexus, and superior mesenteric plexus.

This organ has incredible power; uncorrected, too much can cause autodigestion, while too little can lead to coma. Finding the last condition usually involves a person who is unconscious (diabetes) who may have a fruity breath.

Bile: Makeup, Function, Where It’s Found, How It Works

In this article, we will review the anatomy of the pancreas, including its location, blood supply, internal organs, lymphatics, function, and other clinical implications.

The pancreas is a long organ (about 15 cm) that lies flat on the posterior abdominal wall, at the level of the L1 and L2 vertebral bodies. To put it in a clinical context, its oblique position makes it impossible to see the whole pancreas in one circular section. The pancreas meets several neighboring structures as it passes through the epigastric, left hypochondriac, and small umbilical regions of the abdomen.

Aorta, inferior vena cava, right renal artery, right and left renal veins, superior mesenteric vessels, splenic vein, hepatic portal vein, left kidney, left suprarenal gland.

Apart from the tail, the pancreas is located in the retroperitoneal area of ​​the stomach, in other words, behind the peritoneum.

Pancreatic Role And Function In Digestion Process In A Human Body Vector Illustration Infographics Stock Illustration

Since you now have a clear understanding of the location of the pancreas, it’s time to review its anatomy. This parenchymatous organ is divided into five anatomical parts; head, uncinate process, neck, body and tail.

The head is the extended medial part of the pancreas. It lies directly on the descending and vertical parts of the C-shaped duodenum which surrounds the head of the pancreas. Inferiorly descending from the head is an unarticulated process, which extends posteriorly toward the superior mesenteric artery. Continuing laterally from the head is the neck, a short structure of about 2 cm that connects the head to the body. Behind the neck is the upper mesenteric artery and vein and the origin of the hepatic portal vein – formed by the connection of the upper mesenteric and splenic veins.

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After the neck, the pancreas continues with the body, which includes two areas (anterior and posterior) and two borders (upper and lower). It is located anterior to the L2 vertebra, and also forms the floor of the omental bursa (small sac). The aorta, superior mesenteric artery, left renal vessels, left kidney, and left suprarenal gland are posterior to the pancreatic body. Finally, the intraperitoneal tail is the last part of the pancreas. It is closely connected with the hilum of the spleen and runs with the splenic vessels in the splenorenal ligament.

Pancreas Human Model, Organ In Cartoon Style Isolated On White Background. Function, Insulin System. Health Care, Education Concept. Vector Illustration Stock Vector Image & Art

Now that you’ve learned about the pancreas in situ, put that knowledge to the test by taking the questions below!

Running throughout the pancreatic parenchyma from the tail to the top is the main pancreatic (Wirsung) duct. It joins the bile duct in the head of the pancreas to form the hepatopancreatic duct, which is called the ampulla of Vater. This opens into the descending part of the duodenum at the large duodenal papilla. Flow through the ampulla of Vater is controlled by a smooth muscle sphincter called the (hepatopancreatic) sphincter of Oddi. It also prevents reflux of duodenal contents into the hepatopancreatic duct. The terminal parts of the main pancreatic and bile ducts also contain sphincters, which play an important role in controlling the flow of pancreatic and bile fluid.

In addition to the main duct, the pancreas also has an accessory duct. It communicates with the main pancreatic duct at the level of the pancreatic neck and opens into the lower part of the duodenum at the small duodenal papilla.

For more information about the pancreatic duct system, refer to the following study unit and practice quiz:

Metaphor Function Of Human Pancreas Is To Produce Insulin Hormone Vector Illustration Sketch Hand Drawn With Black Lines, Isolated On White Background. Education Medical Concept. Royalty Free Svg, Cliparts, Vectors, And Stock

The pancreas is a unique organ because it fulfills both exocrine and endocrine functions. Its exocrine function involves the synthesis and release of digestive enzymes in the duodenum of the small intestine. Its endocrine function includes the release of insulin and glucagon into the blood, two important hormones responsible for regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism.

The main players are the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine glands. The latter synthesize inactive pancreatic digestive enzymes (zymogens), which are released in the glandular and pancreatic ductal system. When reaching the duodenum, zymogens are produced by proteolytic enzymes, becoming active peptidases, amylases, lipases and nucleases that allow them to further digest the food that enters the small intestine from the stomach.

The endocrine function of the pancreas is carried out by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood and have three main types of cells (alpha, beta, and delta) for them. Don’t worry, you don’t need to know the entire Greek alphabet to understand how the pancreas works! Briefly, beta cells secrete insulin, alpha cells secrete glucagon, and delta cells secrete somatostatin. These hormones are important in regulating glucose metabolism and gastrointestinal functions.

If you want a detailed explanation about the internal structure, including the histology of the pancreas, take a sneak peek below. Its functions and the endocrine system are also explained.

Pancreas Anatomy And Function

The pancreas receives its blood supply from several sources. The uncinate process and head are supplied by the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, the branches of the gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries respectively. Each pancreaticoduodenal artery has anterior and posterior branches that form along the surface of the pancreatic neck where it forms the pancreaticoduodenal arcades and supplies them with arterial blood.

Also, the body and tail of the pancreas are supplied by pancreatic arteries from the splenic, gastroduodenal, and superior mesenteric arteries. The most useful is the splenic artery.

Pancreatic veins are responsible for removing deoxygenated blood from the pancreas. The anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into the superior mesenteric vein, while the posterior branch drains into the hepatic portal vein. Both the anterior and inferior pancreatoduodenal veins drain into the superior mesenteric vein, while the pancreatic veins drain venous blood from the body and tail into the splenic vein.

Do you want to see the exact trajectory of the previously defined blood vessels and master their anatomy? Take advantage of the following tools! With our culture quiz you can test your newly acquired knowledge on the arteries of the pancreas.

What Is The Pancreas, What Function Does It Have And What Diseases Can It Develop?

The pancreas receives involuntary innervation through the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The parasympathetic innervation originates from the vagus nerve (CN X) and the sympathetic innervation originates from the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (T5-T12). Two types of autonomic fibers travel to the celiac ganglion and superior mesenteric plexus, which eventually enter the pancreas.

Inside the organs, they carry nerve impulses to the acinar cells and pancreatic islets. Parasympathetic fibers cause secretion from the acinar cells, resulting in the release of pancreatic juice, insulin and glucagon. In contrast, sympathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction and inhibition of exocrine secretion, in other words, inhibition of pancreatic juice. According to the release of hormones, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of glucagon but inhibits the insulin.

Lymph is removed from the body and tail of the pancreas through lymphatic vessels that drain into the pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes located near the splenic artery. The vessels drain the empty head into the pyloric lymph nodes. Then, the lymph is transported to the superior mesenteric or celiac lymph nodeslymph nodes.

For more information on the lymphatics of the pancreas and questions that test your knowledge of the entire organ,  refer to the following:

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Pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Common causes of acute pancreatitis include gallstones (blockage of pancreatic flow), and alcohol (increased pancreatic enzyme synthesis). Acute pancreatitis is characterized by severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical examination reveals epigastric tenderness, weak heart sounds, fever, tachypnea, periumbilical and flank ecchymoses, and possibly jaundice if the cause is biliary. Laboratory tests show elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. Management of acute pancreatitis includes fluid therapy, pain control, and careful monitoring, and treatment of the underlying cause.

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