What Is The Function Of Bone Tissue – The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform basic functions for the human body. Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the body’s internal support structure. In the areas of the skeleton where whole bones move against each other (eg joints like the shoulder or between the bones of the spine), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement. In addition, ligaments composed of dense connective tissue surround the joints, tying skeletal elements together (a ligament is the dense connective tissue that connects bones to other bones). Together, they perform the following functions:

Some functions of the skeletal system are more observable than others. When you move you can feel how your bones support you, facilitate your movement and protect the soft organs of your body. Just as the steel beams of a building provide a scaffold to support its weight, the bones and cartilages of your skeletal system compose the scaffold that supports the rest of your body. Without the skeletal system, you would be a limp mass of organs, muscles and skin. Bones facilitate movement by serving as attachments for your muscles. Bones also protect internal organs from injury by covering or surrounding them. For example, your ribs protect your lungs and heart, the bones of your vertebral column (spine) protect your spinal cord, and the bones of your cranium (skull) protect your brain (see Figure 6.1.1).

What Is The Function Of Bone Tissue

On a metabolic level, bone tissue performs several critical functions. For one, the bone tissue acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important for the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. The minerals, incorporated into bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream to maintain the levels needed to support physiological processes. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses.

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Bones also serve as a site for fat storage and blood cell production. The unique connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is referred to as bone marrow. There are two types of bone marrow: yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of this tissue can be released to serve as a source of energy for other tissues of the body. Red bone marrow is where the production of blood cells (called hematopoiesis, hemato- = “blood”, -poiesis = “to make”). Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are all produced in the red bone marrow. As we age, the distribution of red and yellow bone marrow changes as seen in the figure (Figure 6.1.2).

Figure 6.1.2 – Bone Marrow: Bones contain variable amounts of yellow and/or red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow stores fat and red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells (hematopoiesis).

An orthopedist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and injuries related to the musculoskeletal system. Some orthopedic problems can be treated with medications, exercises, braces and other devices, but others may be best treated with surgery (Figure 6.1.3).

Figure 6.1.3 – Arm Brace: An orthopedist will sometimes prescribe the use of a brace that reinforces the underlying bone structure it is used to support. (Credit: Juhan Sonin)

The Functions Of The Skeletal System

Although the origin of the word “orthopedics” (ortho- = “straight”; paed- = “child”) literally means “straightening of the child,” orthopedists can have patients that range from pediatric to geriatric. In recent years, orthopedists have even performed prenatal surgery to correct spina bifida, a congenital defect in which the neural canal in the fetus’s spine fails to close completely during embryologic development.

Orthopedists often treat bone and joint injuries, but they also treat other bone conditions including curvature of the spine. Lateral curvatures (scoliosis) can be severe enough to slip under the shoulder blade (scapula) forcing it up like a hump. Spinal curvatures can also be excessively dorsoventral (kyphosis) causing a hunched back and thoracic compression. The curvatures often appear in pretons as a result of poor posture, abnormal growth, or indeterminate reasons. Mostly, they are easily treated by orthopedists. As people age, accumulated spinal column injuries and diseases like osteoporosis can also lead to curvatures of the spine, hence the stooping you sometimes see in the elderly.

Some orthopedists sub-specialize in sports medicine, which addresses both simple injuries, such as a sprained ankle, and complex injuries, such as a torn rotator cuff in the shoulder. Treatment can range from exercise to surgery.

The main functions of the skeletal system are body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat, and blood cell formation.

Bone Marrow: Anatomy, Function, And Treatment

Organ system composed of bones, cartilage and ligaments that provides for movement, support, protection, mineral and fat storage, formation of blood cells

This work, Anatomy & Physiology, is adapted from Anatomy & Physiology by Stacks, licensed under CC BY. This edition, with revised content and artwork, is licensed under CC BY-SA except where otherwise noted.

Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2019 by Lindsay M. Biga, Stacy Bronson, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufman, Mike LeMaster, Philip Mattern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Kristen Oja, Devon Quick, Jon Runyon, OSU OERU, and Stacks is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Part Equal 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Stop and think about your bones: What images come to mind? Perhaps a skull with grinding jaws, or the strong white limbs stretching out to your fingers and toes. You may even think of the bone marrow in them, producing the blood that courses through your veins. But that’s not the whole picture, because your skeleton hides a secret: it’s full of fat, and no one knows why.

This unsolved mystery is surprising. Scientists first noticed that our bone marrow contains fat-storing cells, called adipocytes, over a century ago.

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Adipocytes in our bones may be unusual, but it is not: in mammals, bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) develops steadily after birth and accumulates rapidly during puberty, so that when we reach adulthood, it can be up to the age. 70% of bone marrow volume – this represents over 8% of total fat mass!

MAT is not distributed uniformly around the skeleton, but instead predominates in the arms and legs. This peripheral MAT develops early after birth and is rarely depleted, and thus has been termed ‘constitutive MAT’ (CMAT).

In contrast, more central sites, such as the spine, pelvis, and sternum, as well as more proximal regions of the long bones, contain less MAT and more hematopoietic red marrow (see Figure). In these sites, brain adipocytes are more diffuse and tend to increase or decrease in response to environmental or pathological factors; Hence, this stock is dubbed ‘regulated MAT’ (rMAT).

Other properties of brain adipocytes also vary between skeletal sites, with potential implications for the impact of MAT on health and disease.

Types Of Bone Tissue

Indeed, MAT increases further with aging and in diverse clinical conditions, including skeletal, metabolic and hematological diseases (Figure). Therefore, MAT is now attracting considerable interest as a potential player in the development of many diseases. However, unlike white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT, respectively), the study of MAT has been relatively limited. Therefore, the physiological and pathological functions of MAT remain poorly understood.

The anatomical distribution, clinical associations, and potential functions of bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT). The image of the skeleton is adapted from Kricun (1985).16 cMAT, constitutive MAT; rMAT, regulated MAT; TZD, thiazolidinediones; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; LMW/MMW/HMW, low/medium/high molecular weight. Kricun ME 1985 Red-yellow marrow conversion: its effect on the location of some solitary bone lesions. Skeletal Radiology 14(1), pp. 10-19. © International Skeletal Society 1985. With permission from Springer.

Increased bone marrow adiposity (BMA) is associated with lower bone mineral density and increased skeletal fragility, for example in osteoporosis, aging and estrogen deficiency.

One possibility is that bone marrow adipocytes share the same skeletal stem cell precursor as bone-forming osteoblasts, in which case MAT accumulation may occur at the expense of osteoblast development.

Bone: Histology, Constituents And Types

However, although this is true during embryonic development, it is not firmly established if this common precursor persists into adulthood to contribute to the maintenance of postnatal tissue.

Another possibility is that bone marrow adipocytes secrete local factors that directly improve bone formation and/or stimulate bone resorption, thereby increasing fracture risk.

Intriguingly, such paracrine actions may also promote the growth of tumors in the bone, whether primary myeloid/lymphoid cancers, or metastases from elsewhere (figure).

Is MAT accumulation therefore bad for bone health? Unfortunately, it’s too early to tell. Although increased MAT may be associated with elevated fracture risk, increased MAT is not always associated with bone loss. The potential impact of MAT on skeletal tumor development also remains to be fully understood. Given the public health challenges posed by osteoporosis, skeletal cancers, and aging-related diseases, elucidating the functions of MAT is a major goal of ongoing research.

Skeleton Functions And Bone Structures.

The key function of bone marrow is in blood cell production, so it is unsurprising that many of the earliest studies of

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