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What Is The Function Of Blood Cells

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Blood Function And Composition

A white blood cell, also called a leukocyte or white corpuscle, is a cellular component of the blood that does not contain hemoglobin, has a nucleus, has the ability to move, and defends the body against infection and disease. White blood cells carry out their defense functions by taking in foreign substances and cell debris, destroying infectious disease and cancer cells, or producing antibodies. Although white blood cells are found in the circulation, most of them occur outside the circulation, in the tissues, where they fight infections; A small amount is transported from one site to another in the bloodstream. White blood cells are highly differentiated for their specific functions, and they do not undergo cell division (mitosis) in the bloodstream; However, some retain the ability to undergo mitosis.

Based on their appearance under the light microscope, white blood cells are divided into three major classes—lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes—each of which performs slightly different functions. Lymphocytes, further divided into B cells and T cells, are responsible for specific recognition of foreign agents and their removal from the host. Granulocytes, the most abundant white blood cell, destroy large pathogenic organisms such as protozoans or helminths and are also key mediators of allergies and other inflammations. Monocytes, which constitute between 4 and 8 percent of the total number of white blood cells in the blood, migrate from the blood to sites of infection, where they differentiate into macrophages.

A healthy adult human has between 4,500 and 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Fluctuations in white blood cell count occur throughout the day; Low values ​​are obtained during rest and high values ​​during exercise. An abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells is known as leukocytosis, while an abnormal decrease in the number is known as leukopenia. The white blood cell count may increase in response to intense physical activity, seizures, intense emotional reactions, pain, pregnancy, labor, and certain disease states such as infections and intoxications. The number may decrease in response to certain types of infections or drugs or in association with certain conditions, such as chronic anemia, malnutrition, or anaphylaxis. In general, newborns have white blood cell counts that gradually reach adult levels during childhood.

White blood cells, also called leukocytes or white blood cells, are a cellular component of the blood that does not contain hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is able to move, and defends the body against infection and disease by absorbing foreign substances and cellular debris. Defends, by destroying infectious agents. and cancer cells, or by producing antibodies.

Complete Blood Count, Red Blood Cell Morphology

In adults, the bone marrow produces 60 to 70 percent of white blood cells (eg, granulocytes). Lymphatic tissues, especially the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph nodes, produce lymphocytes (20 to 30 percent of white blood cells). The reticuloendothelial tissue of the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and other organs produces monocytes (4 to 8 percent of white blood cells). A healthy adult human has between 4,500 and 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Fluctuations in white blood cell count occur throughout the day; Low values ​​are obtained during rest and high values ​​during exercise.

The survival of white blood cells, as living cells, depends on their continuous energy production. The chemical pathways used are more complex than in red cells and are similar to cells in other tissues. White blood cells, which have a nucleus and are capable of producing ribonucleic acid (RNA), can synthesize proteins.

Although white blood cells are found in the circulation, most of them occur outside the circulation, in the tissues, where they fight infections; A small amount is transported from one site to another in the bloodstream. As living cells, their survival depends on their continuous production of energy. The chemical pathways used are more complex than in red blood cells and are similar to cells in other tissues. White blood cells, which have a nucleus and are capable of producing ribonucleic acid (RNA), can synthesize proteins. White blood cells are highly differentiated for their specific functions, and they do not undergo cell division (mitosis) in the bloodstream; However, some retain the ability to undergo mitosis. Based on their appearance under the light microscope, white blood cells are divided into three major classes—lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes—each of which performs slightly different functions.

Lymphocytes, further divided into B cells and T cells, are responsible for specific recognition of foreign agents and their removal from the host. B lymphocytes secrete antibodies, which are proteins that bind to foreign microorganisms in the body’s tissues and mediate their destruction. Typically, T cells recognize and destroy virus-infected or cancer cells, or they act as helper cells to help B cells produce antibodies. This group also includes natural killer (NK) cells, so named for their inherent ability to kill a variety of target cells. In a healthy person, about 25 to 33 percent of white blood cells are lymphocytes.

Great Vessels Of The Heart: Anatomy & Function

Granulocytes, the most abundant white blood cell, destroy large pathogenic organisms such as protozoans or helminths and are also key mediators of allergies and other inflammations. These cells contain many cytoplasmic granules, or vesicles, that store chemicals important in the immune response. They also have multilobed nuclei, and because of this they are often called polymorphonuclear cells. Based on how their granules stain in the laboratory, granulocytes are divided into three categories: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The vast majority of granulocytes—making up 50 to 80 percent of all white blood cells—are neutrophils. They are often one of the first cells to arrive at the site of infection, where they engulf and destroy infectious microorganisms through a process called phagocytosis. Eosinophils and basophils, as well as tissue cells called mast cells, usually come next. The granules of basophils and closely related mast cells contain a number of chemicals, including histamine and leukotrienes, that are important in stimulating the allergic inflammatory response. Eosinophils destroy parasites and also help regulate inflammatory responses.

Monocytes, which constitute between 4 and 8 percent of the total number of white blood cells in the blood, migrate from the blood to sites of infection, where they differentiate into macrophages. These cells are scavengers that phagocytose whole or killed microorganisms and are therefore effective in direct destruction of pathogens and clearance of cellular debris from disease sites. Neutrophils and macrophages are the body’s main phagocytic cells, but macrophages are larger and live longer than neutrophils. Some macrophages are important as antigen-presenting cells, cells that phagocytose and destroy microbes and present parts of these organisms to T lymphocytes, thereby activating a specific acquired immune response. erythrocyte, commonly known as red blood cell (or RBC). The most common constituent: a drop of blood contains millions of erythrocytes and only thousands of leukocytes (Figure 18.3.1). Specifically, men have about 5.4 million erythrocytes per microliter (

L. In fact, erythrocytes are estimated to make up about 25 percent of all cells in the body. These are small cells, with an average diameter of 7-8 micrometers (

M). The primary function of erythrocytes is to take oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the tissues of the body, and to collect carbon dioxide in the tissues and transport it to the lungs. Although leukocytes normally leave the blood vessels to perform their defensive functions, the movement of erythrocytes out of the blood vessels is unusual.

Monocyte Functions In The Body

As an erythrocyte matures in the red bone marrow, it sheds its nucleus and many of its other organelles. During the first day or two that it is in circulation, an immature erythrocyte, known as a reticulocyte, still typically contains remnants of organelles. Reticulocytes should comprise about 1-2 percent of the erythrocyte count and provide an accurate estimate of the RBC production rate. An abnormally low or high level of reticulocytes indicates a deviation in the production of these erythrocytes. Remnants of this organelle are rapidly destroyed, so circulating erythrocytes contain less intracellular structural components. They lack endoplasmic reticulum and do not synthesize proteins.

The function of erythrocytes to transport blood gases is defined by their structure, such as their absence of organelles, especially mitochondria, their biconcave shape, and the presence of a flexible cytoskeletal protein element called spectrin. Since erythrocytes do not have mitochondria and must rely on anaerobic metabolism, they do not use any oxygen when they transport.

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