What Is The Definition Of Adrenal Glands – The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are covered by a fatty capsule that forms a protective layer around the adrenal gland.

The role of the adrenal glands in your body is to release certain hormones directly into the bloodstream. Many of these hormones are related to how the body responds to stress, and some are essential for survival. The two parts of the adrenal glands—the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla—perform separate and distinct functions.

What Is The Definition Of Adrenal Glands

Each zone of the adrenal cortex secretes a specific hormone. The main hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include:

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Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the zona fasciculata that plays several important roles in the body. It helps control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also reduce bone formation.

This hormone also controls the sleep/wake cycle. It is released during times of stress to help your body boost energy and better deal with an emergency.

The adrenal glands produce hormones in response to signals from the pituitary gland in the brain, which responds to signals from the hypothalamus in the brain. This is called the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis. For example, the adrenal glands produce cortisol by:

This mineralocorticoid hormone, produced by the zona glomerulosa, plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure and certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium). Aldosterone sends signals to the kidneys that cause the kidneys to absorb more sodium into the blood and excrete more potassium in the urine. This means that aldosterone helps regulate blood pH by controlling blood electrolyte levels.

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These hormones produced by the zona reticularis are weak male hormones. They are precursor hormones that are converted to female hormones (estrogens) in the ovaries and male hormones (androgens) in the testes. However, estrogens and androgens are produced in much larger amounts by the ovaries and testes.

The adrenal medulla, the inner part of the adrenal gland, controls the hormones that trigger the flight or fight response. The main hormones released by the adrenal gland include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (norepinephrine), which perform similar functions.

Among other things, these hormones are able to increase heart rate and force of heart contractions, increase blood flow to muscles and brain, relax airway smooth muscles, and promote glucose (sugar) metabolism. They also control blood vessel constriction (vasoconstriction), helping to maintain blood pressure and increase it in response to stress.

Like several other hormones produced by the adrenal glands, epinephrine and norepinephrine are often activated during physically and emotionally stressful situations, and your body requires extra resources and energy to cope with the unusual stress.

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Two common ways that the adrenal glands can cause health problems is by producing too little or too much of certain hormones, leading to hormonal imbalance. Adrenal dysfunction can be caused by various diseases of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland.

Adrenal insufficiency is a rare disease. It can be caused by disease of the adrenal glands (primary adrenal insufficiency, Addison’s disease) or hypothalamic or pituitary disease (secondary adrenal insufficiency). This is the opposite of Cushing’s syndrome and is characterized by low levels of adrenal hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, darkening of the skin (only in primary adrenal insufficiency), abdominal pain, and more.

Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency may include autoimmune disorders, fungal and other infections, cancer (rare), and genetic factors.

Although adrenal insufficiency usually develops over time, it can also occur suddenly as acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis). It has similar symptoms, but the consequences are more severe, including life-threatening shock, seizures and coma. This condition can develop if left untreated.

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Adrenal insufficiency can also be caused by a genetic disorder called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Children born with this disorder lack an important enzyme needed to produce cortisol, aldosterone, or both. At the same time, they often experience androgen excess, which can lead to masculinity in girls and precocious puberty in boys.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia may go undiagnosed for years, depending on the severity of the enzyme deficiency. In severe cases, babies suffer from ambiguous genitalia, dehydration, vomiting and stunting.

Sometimes, the adrenal glands produce too much of certain hormones. Nodules 4 centimeters or larger and nodules that show certain characteristics on imaging increase the suspicion of cancer. Benign and cancerous glands can produce excess amounts of certain hormones called functional nodules. Referral for surgical evaluation is recommended for functional tumors, malignant tumors, or nodules larger than 4 cm.

Cushing’s syndrome is caused by an overproduction of cortisol from the adrenal glands. Symptoms may include fat accumulation in certain areas of the body, such as the face, back of the neck, buffalo hump, and abdomen; thinning of the arms and legs; purple stretch marks on abdomen; facial hair; to be tired; muscle weakness; easily bruised skin; high blood pressure; diabetes mellitus; and other health issues.

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Overproduction of cortisol can be caused by overproduction of ACTH by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland or by a tumor elsewhere in the body. This is called Cushing’s disease. Another common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is excessive and long-term use of topical steroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone, which are used to treat many autoimmune or inflammatory diseases (eg, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, etc.). will be appointed. )

Hyperaldosteronism results from overproduction of aldosterone by one or both adrenal glands. It is characterized by high blood pressure that often requires multiple medications to control. Some people have low blood potassium levels, which can cause muscle pain, weakness, and spasms. This is because when the adrenal glands over-secrete, the disease is called Conn’s syndrome.

A pheochromocytoma is a tumor that causes excess production of adrenaline or norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla. Sometimes neural tissue, similar to adrenal gland tissue, can cause these hormones to be overproduced. This is called a paraganglioma.

Pheochromocytomas can cause persistent or infrequent high blood pressure that is difficult to control with conventional medications. Other symptoms include headache, sweating, tremors, anxiety, and rapid heart rate. Some people are genetically predisposed to developing this type of tumor.

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Malignant tumors of the adrenal gland (cancer of the adrenal gland), such as adrenal carcinoma, are rare and have spread to other organs and tissues by the time they are diagnosed. These tumors grow quite large and can reach several inches in diameter.

Cancerous tumors of the adrenal glands can become dysfunctional and secrete an excess of one or more hormones, accompanied by the symptoms listed above. Patients may experience abdominal pain, flank pain, or a feeling of fullness, especially when the adrenal tumor is very large.

Not all cancers found in the adrenal glands arise from the adrenal gland itself. Most adrenal tumors are metastases or cancers that have spread from another primary tumor elsewhere in the body.

The Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Adrenal Center is a multidisciplinary center staffed by specialists from various disciplines, each providing advanced treatment for all adrenal conditions.

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There are two adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small and shaped like a triangle. Above each kidney is an adrenal gland. Each adrenal gland consists of two parts. The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex. The center of the adrenal gland is the brain of the adrenal gland.

Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland. Above each kidney are two adrenal glands. The outer part of each gland is the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is the adrenal medulla.

Adrenocortical carcinoma is also called adrenal cortex. An adrenal tumor may be functioning (make more hormones than normal) or non-functioning (not making more hormones than normal). Most adrenal tumors are functional. Acting tumor hormones can cause some signs or symptoms of the disease.

The adrenal medulla produces hormones that help the body respond to stress. An adrenal medulla is called a pheochromocytoma and is not covered in this summary. See Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma for more information.

The Adrenal Gland.

Adrenocortical carcinoma and pheochromocytoma can occur in both adults and children. But treating children is different than treating adults. For more information, see Pediatric Adrenocortical Carcinoma Treatment and Childhood Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Treatment.

Anything that increases the risk of developing a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor doesn’t mean you will; Not having risk factors doesn’t mean you can’t get it. If you think you may be at risk, talk to your doctor.

These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by adrenal cancer or other conditions. If you have any of these problems, check with your doctor.

The tests and procedures used to diagnose adrenocortical cancer depend on the patient’s condition

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