What Is Normal Range For Potassium Level – Normal range of serum potassium, prevalence of dysbiliemia, and related factors in elderly Chinese: a cross-sectional study

Objective To investigate the normal range of serum potassium, the prevalence of dysiliemia, and related factors in older Chinese adults.

What Is Normal Range For Potassium Level

Participants A total of 1,266 (308 apparently healthy and 958 unhealthy) participants aged 55 years or older had fasting serum potassium levels measured.

Low Potassium Diet: What Is It, Uses, Foods To Avoid And Include, And More

Main Outcome Measures and Methods Serum potassium 5.5 mEq/L (guideline definition) and 97.5 percentiles of the distribution among healthy participants (our definition) were used to define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. tests). appropriately. Multivariate generalized estimating equation models were used to adjust for clustering effects in analyzes of factors associated with risk of dyslexia and changes in serum potassium.

Results The average age of study participants was 70 (8.8) years. Among apparently healthy participants, the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of serum potassium distribution were 3.7 mEq/L and 5.3 mEq/L, respectively. According to the study definition, the incidence of hyperkalemia was 4.3% (95% CI 3.2% to 5.4%) and hypokalemia 4.0% (95% CI 2.9% to 5.1%). Multivariate analyzes showed that the risk of hyperkalemia was associated with disease states (OR=2.21; 95% CI 1.17 to 4.18); the risk of hypokalemia was associated with health status (OR=2.56; 95% CI 1.05 to 6.23), older age (OR=1.70 per 10 years of growth; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.79) and region (OR=16.87; 95% CI 6.41 to 44.38); and higher serum potassium levels were associated with male gender (mean difference (MD) = 0.12; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.19) and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m

(MD=0.29; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.46). According to the guideline definition, hyperkalemia accounted for 2.7% (1.8%, 3.6%) and hypokalemia 1.8% (1.1%, 2.5%). Analyzes of related factors showed similar trends.

Conclusions The study suggests a narrower normal range of serum potassium concentration to define dyssilemia, which was common in elderly Chinese and more common in unhealthy individuals.

Solved When Potassium Levels Outside The Nerve Cell Are

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Dyscalemia, hyperkalemia, or hypokalemia, can lead to muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias and is associated with increased hospitalizations and mortality.1-3 In addition to the life-threatening impact, patients with dyskylemia may unnecessarily discontinue certain medications that benefit clinical outcomes. , such as ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and diuretics.4 5 It is clinically important to characterize the epidemiology of dyslexia in the general population.

Existing studies that have reported the incidence of dysiliemia have been conducted primarily in patients with conditions such as renal failure, heart failure and diabetes, or in emergency departments, including some based on health claims data from a broader group of patients. 6 7 Only a few studies have been conducted in the general population, all of them three decades ago and all in Western populations. 8 – 10 Furthermore, there are no universally agreed reference ranges used in the diagnosis of dyslexia, particularly in the diagnosis of hyperkalemia, and the literature has been largely based on studies conducted in Western populations.

Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia And Hyperkalemia

Multiple factors have been reported to be associated with the risk of dyslexia.3 11–13 As with incidence data, current evidence regarding risk factors for dyslexia comes primarily from patient studies. There is a lack of data on non-hospitalized populations. The objectives of this study are therefore to provide a preliminary understanding of (1) the distribution and normal range of serum potassium concentrations, (2) the incidence of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia, and (3) factors associated with the risk of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia and changes in serum potassium concentrations. level among older Chinese adults.

The DECIDE-Salt trial is an ongoing two-by-two cluster randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the effects of two salt reduction strategies, stepped salt control and salt replacement, on lowering blood pressure. Details of the DECIDE-Salt study have been reported elsewhere.14 Briefly, 48 community-based eldercare centers in four regions, two in rural areas (Changzhi and Yangcheng in Shanxi Province) and two in urban areas (Xi’an in Shaanxi Province and Hohhot in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). The types of facilities in China vary depending on the services provided and mainly include nursing homes in rural areas and nursing homes in urban areas. Nursing homes provide meals, housing, and recreational activities for older adults who would otherwise live alone to meet their basic needs. In addition to social care, nursing homes provide basic medical care. To be admitted to an elderly care facility, applicants must have screening tests that show no infectious diseases or acute illnesses requiring hospitalization.15 All facilities included in the study were randomly assigned to one of four groups: gradual control of salt intake and salt substitute, only gradual control of salt supply, only salt substitute and neither. Interventions last 2 years. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

For research purposes, we used data from the DECIDE-Salt baseline study, which was conducted from September 2017 to March 2018. To be included in the study, participants should be 55 years of age or older and expected to live in a facility for at least 2 years and signed informed consent. Unstable residents (expected to be absent from the facility for more than 1 month per year) and those with incomplete blood pressure measurements at baseline were excluded from the study. Of all 1,606 participants in the DECIDE-Salt trial, 340 refused to have a blood sample collected at baseline and were therefore excluded from the present study. Differences in baseline characteristics between included and excluded participants are reported in online supplemental table 1.

We used a survey questionnaire to collect data on demographics, lifestyle behaviors, medical history, and medication use. In the case of antihypertensive drugs, the generic names were recorded based on the labels on the packages. Blood pressure was measured in the right arm three times at least 30 seconds apart using standard methods.16 We used the average of three blood pressure measurements for analysis. A nurse collected overnight fasting blood samples and sent them to a central laboratory in Beijing for biochemical testing.17 Serum creatinine was measured using the Roche enzyme assay on the Roche Cobas c501 platform with CREP2-Creatinine Plus V.2 reagent. The determination of potassium in serum was performed using the ion-selective electrode method using the Roche Cobas c501 platform.

Why The Elderly Often Experience High Potassium Levels And Its Effects

According to current guidelines, hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration >5.5 mEq/l (to convert to mmol/l, multiply the value by 1.0), while hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration 97.5 percentile and hypokalemia as a serum potassium concentration <2.5 percentile of the distribution in healthy participants in our study (so-called “study definition”). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications within 2 weeks.16 Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or alone – reported history of diabetes. Stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease were defined based on self-reported information from participants. Antihypertensive drugs were classified as potassium-sparing drugs, including ACEIs/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, and potassium-sparing diuretics; kaliuretic diuretics; and other drugs including calcium channel blocker, α-blocker and so on. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation using serum creatinine.20 Morbidities included hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bedridden. An apparently healthy state was defined as the absence of any of the above unhealthy conditions. Additionally, dementia and other serious mental health conditions were excluded from the DECIDE-Salt study. Government regulations prohibited the admission of people suffering from infectious diseases or acute illnesses requiring hospitalization. We further excluded participants with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m from the population used to analyze the normal range of serum potassium concentrations

We described the mean serum potassium concentration and the prevalence of dysbiliemia according to the participants’ health status, as well as region, sex, and age group. We used analysis of variance and Pearson’s χ

Test comparing differences between groups. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the distribution among apparently healthy participants were used to define the normal range of serum potassium concentrations. In the case of the risk of dyslexia, the analysis was performed separately for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. The following associated factors were included: age, gender, region, health status, use of antihypertensive medications, and eGFR. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model with an exchangeable covariance structure was used to confirm factors independently associated with dyslexia risk and changes in serum potassium, adjusting for facility-level clustering effects. To increase statistical power and reduce multicollinearity, we combined diabetes and coronary heart disease in our multivariate models because they showed

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