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What Effect Does Acid Rain Have On Trees And Soil

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Acid Rain: Causes, Consequences And Control Of The Disaster

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Veronica M. Rodriguez-Sanchez Veronica M. Rodriguez-Sanchez Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, 2 , Ulises Rosas Ulises Rosas Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1 Prints. org Google Scholar View Publications 3, Estela Sandoval-Zapotitla Estela Sandoval-Zapotitla Silit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, *

Laboratorio de Contamination Atmospherica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico

Acid Rain Effects Hi Res Stock Photography And Images

Received: 7 June 2020 / Revised: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 / Published: 8 July 2020

Megapolises like Mexico City have air pollution that interacts with humidity and solar radiation. The city’s topography promotes air stagnation, creating air pollution and episodes of acid rain, a phenomenon well documented since the late 1980s. However, we know little about how urban trees respond to urban acid rain. Here, we present how simulated acid rain induces changes in anatomy and photosynthetic pigments in two of Mexico City’s most abundant urban trees: Liquidambar styracyflua L. and Fraxinus uhdii (Wens.) Lingelsch. We first described the leaf anatomy of both species. Then, we used one-year-old trees sprayed with sulfuric acid solutions at pH 2.5 and 3.8 and evaluated visible leaf damage, anatomical changes, and chlorophyll content. In both species, pH 2.5 caused epidermal changes and total cell destruction. L. styraciflua showed more sensitivity, but we discuss some tolerance mechanisms. Finally, acid rain also reduces chlorophyll content. In cities with similar environmental conditions and urban tree composition, these results contribute to a catalog of urban tree species to describe pollution-induced damage and identify tolerant species useful for short- and medium-term detection of environmental crisis.

Leaf anatomy; Chlorophyll; Liquidambar Styraciflua; Fraxinus uhdei; Skin damage environmental pollution; plant damage; leaf damage; abiotic stress; Simulated acid rain

Cities and industrial centers are a source of air pollution, which can generate other pollutants through the action of light, temperature or humidity. An example of this is acid deposition, the accumulation of strong acids and oxides from the atmosphere in the form of rain, snow, gas, or particulate matter originating primarily from human activities. These substances originate from sulfur sources, mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels and the processing of metallic minerals. Another major source is nitrogen emitted from vehicle use, electricity generation, agricultural fertilizer use, and livestock [2]. These gaseous elements react with water vapor from the atmosphere to produce sulfuric and nitric acid [1, 2, 3, 4]. Due to the presence of these acids, acid rain has high levels of hydrogen ions, leading to pH values ​​below 5.6 [1, 2]. Rain normally has a pH of 5.6 due to dissolved carbon dioxide (CO.).

What Is Acid Rain?

), slightly acidifying the rain [2]. Acid rain is considered a global pollutant, affecting forests, lakes, and farmland in Northern Europe, North America, China, and Mexico [1, 2, 5]. Submerged in an endorheic basin, Mexico City constantly experiences periods of air pollution such as the “ozone season” during the dry season (November to May), while episodes of acid rain occur during the wet season (June to October). . Pollutant gases are emitted daily by socioeconomic activities in the air of Mexico City. At the same time, there are periodic eruptions from the active Popocatepetal volcano (1995-2020), located 72 km southeast of Mexico City. These volcanic events contribute methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor to the atmosphere [6]. Orographic factors in this region favor the stagnation of pollutants and the formation of acidic compounds, which have been reported since the 1980s [7, 8, 9, 10]. Therefore, in addition to the economic impact on agricultural production areas, acid rain events can have serious consequences for the health of forests and water bodies that still exist in the region. Forests in the Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinoutsin and Sierra de las Cruces (partially surrounding Mexico City) are known to be under severe stress from high levels of ozone, dry seasons and acid rain. During the wet season [6].

Also, since 1994, the Mexico City government has created rainfall reports. In these publications, the highest acidity records are always found in the southern part of the city. This pattern is given by the prevailing wind direction from north to south. This is a problem because the southern part of the city has the largest conservation surface (87,291 hectares), and therefore the metropolitan area contains the highest vegetation density. In particular, greater acidity with a pH of 4.2–4.5 was recorded from June to August in Mexico City from 1997 to 2000 [11]. Also, reports since 2006 have shown a gradual increase in acidity, with pH values ​​recorded below 4 [ 6 , 12 , 13 ].

Depending on their chemical composition, sulfates are more common in acid rain than nitrates in Mexico City, in contrast to the patterns found in the United States, where nitrates are more abundant than sulfates [14]. Studies of acid rain in Mexico City have helped to understand their occurrence and composition [7, 8, 9], as well as the accumulation of rain on the bark of trees in the metropolitan area [10]; However, to date, we still lack an understanding of the effects of acid rain on leaves, plant anatomy, and physiology of urban trees.

Acid rain in cities affects plants severely. Acid rain enters the leaf tissue through the epidermis and causes morphological defects in plants [15]. In addition to the appearance of brown, mottled necrotic lesions [ 16 ], the main visual changes are margin deformation and color changes. Acid rain usually slows plant growth by causing abnormalities in plant metabolism such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, nitrogen metabolism, and production of reactive oxygen species. Conversely, there are also unusual cases of growth promotion [1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Physiologically, acid rain can cause epidermal thickening [ 28 , 29 ], cellular deformation, closure of stomatal cells, loss of epidermal trichomes, mesophyll cell collapse, and formation of scar tissue [ 30 , 31 ].

Effects Of Acid Rain On Grass And Plants

The impact of acid rain on urban vegetation is an example of the complex phenomena occurring in current urban ecosystems that require further understanding. Although acid rain events do not directly affect humans, they do affect buildings, water bodies, soil, and vegetation. This is even more important as the human population is mainly concentrated in large cities, and it is estimated that by 2050, two-thirds of the human population will live in cities [32].

The impact of human activities on urban ecosystems can have devastating consequences for all species that inhabit them. Therefore, in order to find a balance between human activities and the long-term protection of natural ecosystems, measures to characterize the resilience of urban ecosystems need to be prioritized [ 33 ]. For this reason, it is important to better understand the response of plants in urban environments and their response to pollution episodes. This will allow us to distinguish between sensitive, indicator or tolerant species suitable for better designing biomonitoring plans in cities. This work aims to describe for the first time the damage caused by acid rain at lab-simulated pH values ​​such as those reported in Mexico City during the wet season, in order to determine leaf morphology and anatomical changes and chlorophyll content. Two common tree species.

In both species, previous descriptions focused on leaf architecture and trichome types at the genus level. Here we are

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