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What Does Vitamin D3 Do For The Human Body

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Vitamin D Deficiency In Kids: Why To Worry And What To Do About It

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By Nipith Charoenngam Nipith Charoenngam Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, 2 and Michael F. Hollick Michael F. Hollick Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, *

Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Newton St, M-1013, Boston, MA 01228, USA

Vitamin D 25 Oh Archives

Received: 12 June 2020 / Revised: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 July 2020 / Published: 15 July 2020

Vitamin D is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism and maintaining a healthy mineral skeleton. It is also known as immunomedullary hormone. Experimental studies have shown that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D, exerts immunosuppressive activities on many components of the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as on endothelial membrane stability. Association between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and increased risk of developing several immune-related diseases and disorders, including psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, sepsis, respiratory infection, and COVID- 19, observation Accordingly, a number of clinical trials aimed at determining the effects of vitamin D and its metabolites for the treatment of these diseases have been conducted with variable results. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that some people may benefit more or less from vitamin D than others because of a wide range of gene expression in human blood mononuclear cells in response to vitamin D supplementation. High inter-individual variation was observed. Although it is still debatable what level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is optimal, it is advisable to increase vitamin D intake and exposure to sunlight to achieve a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of at least 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L), and preferably at 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L) to obtain optimal overall health benefits of vitamin D.

Vitamin D; immune function; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D; immunomodulation; autoimmune disorders; infectious diseases; lymphocytes monocytes macrophages multiple sclerosis; Type 1 diabetes; Inflammation stabilizes the endothelial membrane

Vitamin D is classically known to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism. It not only plays an important role in maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton, but is also an immunosuppressive hormone [1, 2]. Both the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the metabolizing enzyme are expressed by various types of immune cells including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells [3, 4]. Experimental studies have shown that vitamin D has significant biological activities in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Animal studies have shown that administration of vitamin D or its metabolites leads to changes in the incidence and progression of various immune-related diseases [1, 5]. This is supported by clinical and epidemiological data that vitamin D is associated with the incidence and severity of many disorders such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and infectious diseases [2] (Figure 1). The purpose of the current review is to provide a high-level summary of the biological effects of vitamin D on the immune system and the relationship between vitamin D and a wide variety of immune-related diseases and conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide some insight into the variation in evidence regarding the effects of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of immune-related diseases and to consider individual response to vitamin D as a possible explanation for such variation. Introduce the concept.

Vitamin D Is Essential For Human Reproduction

Humans get vitamin D from sunlight, food, and supplements. There are two main types of vitamin D: Vitamin D

Synthesized from ergosterol and found in yeast, sun-dried and ultraviolet irradiated mushrooms and plants. Vitamin D

It is synthesized internally from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and is found naturally in cod liver oil and fatty fish. After entering the circulation, vitamin D (D) represents vitamin D or both

) is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the liver by vitamin D-25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1). 25(OH)D is metabolized by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) into the active form, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1, 25 (OH)

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D exerts its physiological functions in the target tissue by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the nucleus where it causes the up- or down-regulation of many genes [7]. It should be noted that the main site of conversion of 25(OH)D to systemically bioavailable 1, 25(OH)D

It is the kidney. CYP27B1 is also expressed by many other tissues including activated macrophages, parathyroid glands, microglia, breast, intestine, and keratinocytes where 1, 25(OH)

D regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis by acting on the small intestine, kidneys, and bones. It promotes bone mineralization by increasing intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and renal tubular calcium reabsorption to help maintain adequate calcium phosphate output that crystallizes in the collagen matrix. 1, 25 (OH)

D also has direct effects on bone, including stimulation of the expression of osteocalcin, the major non-collagen protein in the skeleton, and activation of receptor-stimulated bone resorption nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) [2, 6]. In addition, 1, 25 (OH)

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D together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) form the endocrine system to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis [8]. As part of negative reactions, 1, 25 (OH)

D directly inhibits PTH production, leading to decreased bone resorption and increased urinary calcium excretion, and stimulates FGF23 production by osteocytes, leading to increased urinary phosphate excretion [ 6 , 8 , 9].

It is still controversial how much vitamin D is needed, how it should be given, for example, daily versus weekly or monthly (bolus dose), and what level of serum 25(OH)D affects immune health. And better for overall health benefits [10, 11]. It is also unknown whether maintaining serum vitamin D itself has an effect on modulating immune function. However, historical evidence suggests that our hunter-gatherer ancestors maintained their vitamin D levels in the range of 10-50 ng/mL (25-125 nmol/L). Indigenous populations such as the Maasai pastoralists and the Haza tribe have found serum 25(OH)D levels in the range of 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. These levels are consistent with those reported in population studies to be associated with several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, and all-cause mortality [2, 10, 14, 15]. To maintain blood levels with minimal sun exposure, a person needs 4000-6000 IUs of vitamin D per day, which would maintain a serum vitamin D level of 20-40 ng/mL ( 50-100 nmol/L) to keep within range. and serum 25(OH)D levels in the range of 40–60 ng/mL (50–100 nmol/L) [ 11 ]. The recommended intake of vitamin D by the Endocrine Society guidelines on vitamin D for the treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency is shown in Table 1.

Historical evidence linking vitamin D to innate immunity comes from reports in the mid-1800s and early 1900s, before the antibiotic era, that vitamin D

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Enriched cod liver oil and sunlight have been used to treat tuberculosis (TB) [16]. Later, recent studies revealed an explanation for the therapeutic effects of cod liver oil and sunlight. In the presence of infection, activated macrophages and monocytes, stimulated by Toll-like receptor signaling and exposed to inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-Ƴ (IFN-Ƴ), strongly express CYP27B1 which converts 25(OH)D Converts to 1, 25(OH). )

D enhances the antimicrobial activities of macrophages and monocytes in an autocrine fashion through VDR-RXR signaling, which in turn stimulates the production of the endogenous antimicrobial cathelicidin LL-37 [1, 2, 5, 17, 18]. Cathelicidin acts against invasive bacteria and fungi by destabilizing microbial membranes [19, 20]. It also exhibits direct antiviral activities against several respiratory viruses that disrupt viral envelopes and alter the viability of host target cells [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. This process is particularly potent in granulomatous inflammations such as tuberculosis, fungal infections, sarcoidosis, and some lymphomas. Macrophage production of 1, 25(OH)

D not only regulates the production of cathelicidin LL-37 but also produces it to exit the cell and affect the nearby functions of lymphocytes [2] (Figure 2). in any case,

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