What Are Three Examples Of Chemical Properties – Properties that enable us to distinguish one object from another are called attributes. A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that is not related to a change in its chemical composition. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. We can observe certain physical properties such as density and color without changing the physical state of the observed object. Other physical properties, such as the melting temperature of iron or the freezing temperature of water, can only be observed when a substance undergoes a physical change. A physical change is a change in the state or properties of a substance without any change in its chemical composition (the identities of the substances contained in the substance). We observe a physical change when wax melts, sugar dissolves in coffee, and steam condenses into liquid water (Figure 1). Other examples of physical changes include magnetizing and demagnetizing metals (commonly done with antitheft security tags) and grinding solids into powders (which sometimes produce noticeable changes in color). In each of these examples, there is a change in the substance’s physical state, form, or properties, but no change in its chemical composition.

Figure 1. (a) When solid wax is heated, the wax undergoes a physical change to form liquid wax. (b) Condensation of steam inside the cooking vessel is a physical change, as water vapor is changed to liquid water. (Credit A: “95jb14”/Work modification from Wikimedia Commons; Credit B: “mjneuby”/Work modification from Flickr)

What Are Three Examples Of Chemical Properties

The ability to change (or the inability to change) one type of substance into another is a chemical property. Examples of chemical properties include flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types) and heat of combustion. Iron, for example, combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust; Chromium does not oxidize (Figure 2). Nitroglycerin is very dangerous because it explodes easily; Neon poses no danger because it is so reactive.

Covalent Bond & Compund

Figure 2. (a) One of the chemical properties of iron is that it corrodes; (b) One of the chemical properties of chromium is that it does not. (Credit A: Modification of work by Tony Hisget; Credit B: Modification of work by “Atoma”/Wikimedia Commons)

To identify a chemical property, we look for a chemical shift. A chemical change always produces one or more forms of matter that are different from the matter present before the change. Rust formation is a chemical change because prior to rust formation, iron, oxygen, and water are different substances. A nitroglycerin explosion is a chemical change because the gases produced are a different type of substance than the original substance. Other examples of chemical changes are reactions carried out in the laboratory (such as copper reacting with nitric acid), all forms of combustion (burning) and cooking, digesting or decomposing food (Figure 3).

Figure 3. (a) Copper and nitric acid undergo a chemical change to form copper nitrate and brown, gaseous nitrogen dioxide. (b) During match combustion, the cellulose in the match and oxygen from the air undergo chemical changes to form carbon dioxide and water vapour. (c) Cooking red meat causes several chemical changes, with oxidation of iron in myoglobin leading to the familiar red-brown color change. (d) A banana turning brown is a chemical change that forms new, darker (and less tasty) substances. (Credit B: Modification of work by Jeff Turner; Credit C: Modification of work by Gloria Cabada-Lemon; Credit D: Modification of work by Roberto Varzo)

Material properties fall into one of two categories. If a property depends on the amount of material present, it is an expansive property. Mass and volume of an object are examples of extensive properties; For example, a gallon of milk has a larger mass and volume than a cup of milk. The value of an expansive property is directly proportional to the quantity of the object in question. If a property of an object model does not depend on the quantity of the present object, it is an intensive property. Temperature is an example of an intensive property. If the gallon and cup of milk are each at 20 °C (room temperature), when they are combined, the temperature remains at 20 °C. As another example, consider the different but related properties of heat and temperature. A drop of hot cooking oil splashed on your arm causes brief, minor discomfort, while a pot of hot oil can cause severe burns. Both the drop of oil and the pot are at the same temperature (intensive property), but the pot obviously contains more heat (extensive property).

Chapter 3 Preview Section 1 What Is Matter?

You may have seen the symbol shown in Figure 4 on containers of chemicals in the laboratory or workplace. Sometimes called a “fire diamond” or “danger diamond,” this chemical hazard diamond provides valuable information that succinctly summarizes the various hazards to be aware of when working with a particular substance.

The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 704 Hazard Identification System was developed by NFPA to provide safety information about certain materials. The system describes flammability, reactivity, health and other hazards. Within the overall diamond symbol, the top (red) diamond indicates the degree of fire hazard (temperature range to flash point). A blue (left) diamond indicates the level of health risk. A yellow (right) diamond describes the hazards of reactivity, such as how easily a substance can detonate or undergo a violent chemical change. A white (bottom) diamond indicates special hazards, such as if it is an oxidizer (which allows the material to burn in the absence of air/oxygen), undergoes an unusual or dangerous reaction with water, is corrosive, acidic, alkaline, biohazardous, radioactive, etc. Each hazard is rated on a scale from 0 to 4, with 0 being no hazard and 4 being extremely hazardous.

While many elements differ dramatically in their chemical and physical properties, some elements have similar properties. We can identify sets of elements that exhibit common behaviors. For example, many elements conduct heat and electricity well, while others are poor conductors. These properties can be used to divide elements into three classes: metals (elements that conduct well), nonmetals (elements that conduct poorly) and metalloids (elements that have the properties of both metals and nonmetals).

A periodic table is a table of elements that places elements with similar properties close together (Figure 5). As you continue your chemistry studies you will learn more about the periodic table.

Chemical Property Examples

Figure 5. The periodic table shows how elements can be grouped according to certain types of properties. The background color indicates whether an element is a metal, metal, or nonmetal, while the color of the element’s symbol indicates whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas.

All substances have different physical and chemical properties and can undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical properties such as hardness and boiling point and physical changes such as melting or solidification do not involve a change in the composition of a substance. Chemical properties, such as flammability and acidity, and chemical changes, such as corrosion, involve the production of material that is different from what was previously present.

Measurable characteristics fall into one of two categories. A wide range of properties depends on the amount of material present, for example, the mass of gold. The intense properties do not depend on the amount of material present, for example, the concentration of gold. Heat is an example of an extensive property, and temperature is an example of an intensive property.

6. The value of an extensive property depends on the quantity of the thing considered, but the value of an intensive property is the same irrespective of the quantity of the thing considered.

Physical Property Of Matter

8. Being extended properties, both mass and volume are directly proportional to the amount of matter under study. Dividing one extensive property by another “cancels” this dependence on the sum, yielding a ratio that is independent of the sum (extensive property).

Chemical Characterization: Behavior related to changing one type of substance into another type of substance

Physical change: A change in the state or properties of matter that does not involve a change in its chemical composition Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, the changes that matter undergoes and the energy associated with these changes. In this chapter, we take a closer look at matter and energy and how they are related.

When matter undergoes a change, the process is often accompanied by a change in energy – heat, light, sound, kinetic energy of a moving object, etc…  If heat is evolved (released) during the change, the change is exothermic. If heat must be supplied, the change is endothermic.

Solution: Matter And Its Properties Chapter Notes

A key difference is that heat is energy flowing from a temperature difference, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. The faster they move, the “hotter” they are.

Properties that enable us to distinguish one object from another are called attributes. A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that is not related to a change in its chemical composition. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, solubility

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