Types Of Immune Cells And Their Functions – The immune system is made up of different types of cells and different proteins. Each element performs a specific function to recognize and/or react against foreign substances (germs).

The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that work together to protect themselves from disease. These cells and proteins do not form a single organ like the heart or liver. Instead, the immune system is dispersed throughout the body to provide a rapid response to infection (Figure 1: 1). The cells travel through the bloodstream or in special vessels called lymphatics. Lymph nodes and the spleen provide structures that facilitate cell-to-cell communication. The proteins can be made by immune cells or other organs such as the liver. Some immune proteins circulate in the blood, while others are produced by immune cells in nearby organs and tissues where the proteins are produced.

Types Of Immune Cells And Their Functions

A. Thymus: the thymus is the part above the chest where T cells develop. First, lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) destined to become T cells leave the bone marrow and find their way to the thymus where they “graduate” and become mature T cells.

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B. Liver: The liver is the main protein producing organ of the complement system. In addition, it has a large number of phagocytic cells (specific type of white blood cells) that absorb bacteria in the blood as it passes through the liver.

C. Bone Marrow: The bone marrow is where all the cells of the immune system begin their development from stem cells.

E. Lymph Nodes: Lymph nodes are collections of B cells and T cells in the body. Cells gather in lymph nodes to communicate with each other. Lymph nodes can swell when they fight infection.

F. Spleen: The spleen is a collection of B cells, T cells, and monocytes. It serves to filter the blood and provide a site for invaders/germs to interact with the cells of the immune system.

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G. Blood: Blood in the circulatory system carries cells and proteins of the immune system from one part of the body to another.

Primary immunodeficiency syndrome (PI) can affect one part of the immune system or many cells and proteins. To better understand the type of PI, it helps to know about the structure and maturation of the immune system. It is common to consider two broad types of immune response: the immune system and the adaptive immune system.

The innate immune response is based on cells that do not need additional training to do their job. These cells include neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and a group of proteins known as antigens. The natural response to disease is fast and reliable. Even babies have a good immune response.

The adaptive immune response has a second component. These responses include T cells and B cells, two types of cells that need training or education to learn how to fight off antigens and not attack our own cells. The advantage of adaptive responses is their long-lived memory and ability to adapt to new disease types.

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The bone marrow and thymus represent training centers for the two cells of the immune system (B cells and T cells, respectively). The development of all the cells of the immune system begins in the bone marrow using hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cells (Figure 1: 2). This cell is called a stem cell because all other specialized cells come from it. Because of its ability to create the entire immune system, this is the most important cell in bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It involves embryonic stem cells, but it is a different type of cell, which can develop into any type of blood cell but not other organs such as the brain or nerves.

A. Bone Marrow: The place in the body where most of the cells of the immune system arise from hematopoietic cells.

B. Stem cells: These cells can develop and mature into different cells of the immune system.

D. B cells: These lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies).

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E. Cytotoxic T cells: These lymphocytes mature in the thymus and are responsible for killing infected cells.

F. Helper T cells: These specialized lymphocytes help other T cells and B cells to do their work.

H. Immunoglobulins: These special protein molecules, also known as antibodies,  match foreign antigens, such as polio, like a lock and key. Their diversity is so great that they can be designed to fit almost all microorganisms that can occur in our environment.

I. Neutrophils: (also known as polymorphonuclear cells or PMN) is a type of white blood cell found in the blood that quickly absorbs microorganisms and kills them through a process called phagocytosis.

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J. Monocytes: These white blood cells are cells found in the blood that develop in cells called macrophages when they migrate into the body. Like neutrophils, macrophages also engulf and kill pathogens through phagocytosis.

K. Red blood cells: Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body.

What is between the two types of immune response is the ability to distinguish between foreign invaders (germs), which will be attacked, against our own body, which should be protected. Because of their ability to respond quickly, natural responses are often the first to respond to an attack. This initial response helps to inform and trigger an adaptive response, which can take several days to become effective.

Early in life, instinctive responses are most prominent. Newborn babies have antibodies from their mothers but don’t make their own antibodies for several weeks. Vaccines are transferred to the baby through the placenta and protect the baby for the first few months of life, until babies are able to develop enough antibodies on their own.

Humoral Vs Cell Mediated Immunity

The immune system is active at birth, but has not yet acquired the experience necessary for an optimal memory response. Although the formation of this memory takes place throughout life, the most rapid gains in immunological experience are between birth and three years. Each exposure to an infection leads to the training of cells so that the response to a second exposure to the same infection is faster and greater.

During the first few years of life, most children are exposed to various diseases and develop antibodies against those specific diseases. Antibiotic-producing B cells remember the germ and provide long-lasting protection. Similarly, T cells can remember viruses they have encountered and can mount a stronger response when they encounter the same virus again. The rapid maturation of the adaptive immune system in childhood makes testing young children a challenge since expectations for factors change with age. Unlike the innate immune system, the immune system is not perfect at birth.

Each major part of the immune system will be discussed separately. A PI can affect a single property or many. The exposure can be a specific type of disease or a global opportunity for disease. Because of the many interactions between cells and proteins of the immune system, some types of PI may be associated with a higher risk of infection. For these types, there are other things that can compensate at least partially for the empty piece. In other cases, the immune system is generally weak, and the person may have serious problems with many types of diseases.

The main cells of the immune system can be divided into lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages. These are all types of white blood cells. The main proteins of the immune system are mainly cytokines (a type of hormone responsible for communication between the cells of the immune system), antibiotics (immunoglobulins), and fix the body.

Organization Of Immune Function

B cells (sometimes called B-lymphocytes and often referred to in laboratory reports as CD19 or CD20 cells) are specialized cells of the immune system whose main function is to produce antibodies antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins or gamma-globulins). B cells develop in the bone marrow from stem cells. As part of their normal maturation in the bone marrow, B cells are trained or educated to not produce antibodies for healthy tissue. When mature, B cells can be found in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, parts of the intestines, and in the blood.

When B cells encounter foreign substances (antigens), they react by turning into another type of cell called plasma cells. B cells can also develop into memory cells, which allow a faster response if the same infection is encountered again. Plasma cells are mature cells that produce antibodies that are found in the spleen and lymph nodes throughout the body. Antibodies are molecules responsible for serum proteins that enter the blood, tissues, respiratory secretions, intestinal secretions, and even tears. In general, plasma cells contain cells

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