Two Greenhouse Gases That Contribute To Global Warming – Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much infrared thermal radiation is absorbed by a greenhouse gas added to the atmosphere over a given period of time, as a multiple of the radiation absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO) added.

. For other gases, it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame considered. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO

Two Greenhouse Gases That Contribute To Global Warming

Which will warm the earth with that gas mass. Thus, it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as the GWP multiplied by the mass of the other gas.

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Which means that, for example, leaking a ton of methane is equivalent to releasing 81.2 tons of carbon dioxide. Similarly, a ton of nitrous oxide, for example from manure or paddy fields, is equivalent to 273 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is a reference. It has a GWP of 1 regardless of the period of use. CO

Estimates of GWP values ​​over 20, 100, and 500 years are periodically compiled and revised in reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The most recent report is the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (Working Group I) from 2023.

Although the correct reports reflect more scientific accuracy, countries and companies continue to use SAR and AR4 values ​​for comparison purposes in their emission reports. AR5 omitted the 500-year values, but introduced GWP estimates, including the climate carbon feedback (f) with a large amount of uncertainty.

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Some have high GWP but only low compression in the atmosphere. The total impact of all fluorinated gases is estimated at 3% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

The values ​​in the table assume that the same mass of compound is analyzed; The different coefficients result from the conversion of one substance into another. For example, burning methane to carbon dioxide will reduce the global warming impact, but by a factor of less than 25:1, because the mass of methane burned is less than the mass of carbon dioxide released (a ratio of 1:2.74).

An initial amount of 1 ton of methane with a GWP of 25 will produce 2.74 tons of CO after combustion.

, each tonne of which has a GWP of 1. This is a net reduction of 22.26 tonnes of GWP, reducing the global warming effect by a ratio of 25:2.74 (about 9 times).

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Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Conference of the Parties standardized international reporting in 1997 by deciding (Decision 2/CP.3) that GWP values ​​calculated for the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report should be used to convert the various greenhouse gases into emissions. Comparable CO

After some interim updates, this standard was updated in 2013 at the Warsaw meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, decision 24/CP.19) to require the use of a new set of 100-year GWP values. They published these values ​​in Appendix III, and they were taken from the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, published in 2007.

The GWP of a substance depends on the number of years (expressed by the subscriber) over which the potential is calculated. A gas removed quickly from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect, but becomes less significant over longer periods of time as it is removed. Thus, methane has a potential of 25 100 years (GWP

= 86); Conversely, sulfur hexafluoride has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC Third Assessment Report). The value of GWP depends on how the gas contract decays over time in the atmosphere. This is often not known precisely and therefore values ​​should not be assumed to be exact. For this reason, it is important to refer to the calculation when quoting the GWP.

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For a mixture of gases, the GWP can be obtained from the mass fraction weighted average of the GWPs of the individual gases.

Water vapor contributes to anthropogenic global warming, but as defined by GWP, it is negligible for H.

O can act as a greenhouse gas because it has a deep infrared absorption spectrum with more and broader absorption bands than CO.

. Its compressibility in the atmosphere is limited by air temperature, so the radiative forcing of water vapor increases with global warming (positive feedback). But the definition of GWP excludes indirect effects. The definition of GWP is also based on emissions, and anthropogenic emissions of water vapor (cooling towers, irrigation) dissipate through precipitation over weeks, so its GWP is negligible.

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Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP) is another way of comparing gases. While GWP estimates the amount of infrared thermal radiation absorbed, GTP estimates the increase in average surface temperature over the next 20, 50, or 100 years caused by a greenhouse gas compared to the increase in temperature with the same mass of CO.

GWP* is proposed to better account for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) such as methane, which is related to the change in SLCP emission rates with a fixed amount of CO.

However, GWP* itself has been criticized for both metrics and inherent design features that may perpetuate injustice and inequality.

High GWP is associated with high infrared absorption and long atmospheric lifetime. The value of GWP at the wavelength of absorption is more complex. If a gas effectively absorbs radiation at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength. A gas has the greatest effect if it absorbs in a wavelength “window” where the atmosphere is fairly transparent. The depdce of GWP as a function of wavelength is found empirically and published as a graph.

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Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas is directly related to its infrared spectrum, the use of infrared spectroscopy to study greenhouse gases is critical to understanding the impact of human activities on global climate change.

Just as radiative forcing provides a simplified way to compare different factors that are likely to influence the climate system with each other, global warming potential (GWP) is one type of simplified index based on radiative properties that can be used to estimate potential futures. Effects of emissions of different gases on the climate system in relative terms. GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared absorptive capacity) of each gas relative to carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate (amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years) of each gas relative to carbon dioxide.

Radiative forcing (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area per unit time absorbed by a greenhouse gas that would otherwise be lost to space. This can be expressed by the formula:

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides generally accepted GWP values ​​that have changed little between 1996 and 2001, except for methane, whose GWP nearly doubled. A precise explanation of how GWP is calculated is given in the IPCC’s 2001 Third Assessment Report.

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GWP is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of a trace substance compared to 1 kg of reference gas:

) and [x](t) is the time-depdt decay of the substance abundance after its instantaneous release at time t=0. The dominator contains the appropriate amount for the reference gas (ie CO2). Radiative efficiency a

Not necessarily constant over time. Although the infrared absorption of many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundances, a significant few show nonlinear behavior for Kurk and estimated future abundances (e.g., CO

O). The relative radiative forcing for these gases will depend on the abundances and hence the future scario.

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Which is non-linear, all GWP values ​​will be affected. Assuming otherwise, as done above, would result in lower GWPs for other gases than a more detailed approach. To find out, when increasing CO

Less and less affected by radiative absorption as ppm compression increases, more powerful greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption rates from CO.

E) The amount of gas is calculated from its GWP. For any gas, this is the mass of CO

Thus, it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as the GWP multiplied by the mass of the other gas. For example, if a gas has a GWP of 100, two tons of gas has CO

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On a global scale, the warming effect of one or more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can also be expressed by the equivalent atmospheric shrinkage of CO.

Which warms the earth in the same way as any other gas or specific compression of all gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. For example, CO

500 ppm represents a mixture of atmospheric gases that warms the earth at 500 ppm CO CO.

Atmospheric greenhouse gas or aerosol

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