The Main Divisions Of The Central Nervous System Are The – Now that we’ve considered how individual neurons work and the functions of different areas of the brain, it’s time to ask how the body manages to put it all together. How do the complex activities in the various parts of the brain, the simple all-or-nothing firings of billions of interconnected neurons, and the various chemical systems within the body work together to allow the body to respond to the social environment and engage in activities? social? everyday behaviors? In this section we will see that the complexities of human behavior are achieved through the joint actions of electrical and chemical processes in the nervous system and the endocrine system.

The nervous system (see Figure 4.16, “The functional divisions of the nervous system”), the body’s electrical information pathway, is made up of nerves:

The Main Divisions Of The Central Nervous System Are The

Composed of the brain and spinal cord, it is the main controller of the body’s functions, responsible for interpreting sensory information and responding to it.

The Parasympathetic Nervous System Explained

With their own directives. The CNS interprets the information coming from the senses, formulates an appropriate reaction, and sends responses to the appropriate system to respond accordingly. Everything we see, hear, smell, touch and taste comes to us from our sensory organs as neuronal impulses, and each of the orders that the brain sends to the body, both consciously and unconsciously, also travels through this system.

. An interneuron, by far the most common type of neuron, is found primarily within the CNS and is

. Interneurons allow the brain to combine the multiple sources of information available to create a coherent picture of the sensory information being transmitted.

. It is the central information route for the body. Within the spinal cord, ascending tracts of sensory neurons transmit sensory information from the sense organs to the brain, while descending tracts of motor neurons transmit motor commands to the body. When a faster response than usual is required, the spinal cord can perform its own processing, bypassing the brain. A reflection is

Major Organs And Divisions Of The Nervous System

. Reflexes are triggered when sensory information is powerful enough to reach a certain threshold, and interneurons in the spinal cord act to send a message through motor neurons without transmitting the information to the brain (see Figure 4.17, “The reflection”). When you touch a hot stove and immediately pull your hand away, or when you fumble for your cell phone and instinctively reach for it before it falls, your spinal cord’s reflexes command the appropriate responses before your brain knows what’s happening.

Figure 4.17 The reflection. The central nervous system can interpret signals from sensory neurons and respond to them extremely quickly through motor neurons without requiring the brain to intervene. These quick responses, known as reflexes, can reduce the damage we might suffer as a result of, for example, touching a hot stove.

. As can be seen in Figure 4.18, “The Autonomic Nervous System,” the peripheral nervous system is divided into two subsystems, one that controls internal responses and the other that controls external responses.

The division of the PNS that governs the internal activities of the human body, including heart rate, breathing, digestion, salivation, perspiration, urination, and sexual arousal.

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. Many of the actions of the ANS, such as heart rate and digestion, are automatic and outside of our conscious control, but others, such as breathing and sexual activity, can be controlled and influenced by conscious processes.

, including skeletal muscles, skin and sense organs. The somatic nervous system consists primarily of motor nerves responsible for sending brain signals for muscle contraction.

It participates in preparing the body for behavior, particularly in response to stress, by activating the organs and glands of the endocrine system.

It tends to calm the body by slowing the heart and breathing and allowing the body to recover from the activities caused by the sympathetic system.

Motivation And Emotion/book/2018/autonomic Nervous System And Emotion

. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions normally work in opposition to each other: the sympathetic division acts a bit like the accelerator pedal of a car and the parasympathetic division acts like the brake.

Figure 4.18 The autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: The sympathetic division acts to energize the body, preparing it for action. The parasympathetic division acts to calm the body, allowing it to rest. [Long description]

Our daily activities are controlled by the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. For example, when we wake up in the morning, we would experience a sharp drop in blood pressure if it were not for the action of the sympathetic system, which automatically increases blood flow through the body. Similarly, after eating a large meal, the parasympathetic system automatically sends more blood to the stomach and intestines, allowing us to digest the food efficiently. And maybe you’ve had the experience of not being hungry at all before a stressful event, like a sports game or an exam (when the sympathetic division was primarily in action), but suddenly feeling hungry afterwards, when the parasympathetic takes the control. . The two systems work together to maintain vital bodily functions, resulting in homeostasis,

The nervous system is designed to protect us from danger through its interpretation and reactions to stimuli. But a primary function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is to interact with the endocrine system to

What Is The Autonomic Nervous System

. When hormones released by one gland reach receptor tissues or other glands, these receptor receptors can trigger the release of other hormones, resulting in a series of complex chemical chain reactions. The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to influence many aspects of human behavior, including growth, reproduction, and metabolism. And the endocrine system plays a vital role in emotions. Because the glands of men and women differ, hormones also help explain some of the behavioral differences observed between men and women. The major glands of the endocrine system are shown in Figure 4.19, “The major glands of the endocrine system.”

Figure 4.19 The main glands of the endocrine system. The male is shown on the left and the female on the right.

A small, pea-sized gland located near the center of the brain is responsible for controlling body growth.

, but it also has many other influences that make it of primary importance in regulating behavior. The pituitary secretes hormones that influence our responses to pain, as well as hormones that tell the ovaries and testes to produce sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women. Because the pituitary gland has such an important influence on other glands, it is sometimes known as the “master gland.”

The Nervous System: Facts, Function And Diseases

, a hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle; and the thyroid and parathyroid glands, which are responsible for

Determine how quickly the body uses energy and hormones and monitor the amount of calcium in the blood and bones

They produce hormones that regulate the salt and water balance in the body and are involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function.

) when we are excited, threatened or stressed. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the sympathetic division of the ANS, causing increased heart and lung activity, dilation of the pupils, and increases in blood sugar, giving the body a surge of energy to respond to a threat. The activity and role of the adrenal glands in response to stress provide an excellent example of the close relationship and interdependence of the nervous and endocrine systems. A fast-acting nervous system is essential for immediate activation of the adrenal glands, while the endocrine system mobilizes the body for action.

Nervous System 6: The Autonomic Nervous System

. Testosterone regulates bodily changes associated with sexual development, including penis enlargement, deeper voice, growth of facial and pubic hair, and increased muscle growth and strength. the ovaries,

Including breast growth, the accumulation of body fat around the hips and thighs, and the growth spurt that occurs during puberty. Both estrogens and progesterone are also involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Recent research has pointed out some of the important roles of sex hormones in social behavior. Dabbs, Hargrove, and Heusel (1996) measured the testosterone levels of 240 men who were members of 12 fraternities at two universities. They also obtained descriptions of fraternities from university officials, fraternity officials, yearbook and chapter house photographs, and field notes from researchers. The researchers correlated testosterone levels and descriptions of each fraternity. They found that the fraternities with the highest average levels of testosterone were also wilder and more rebellious, and one of these fraternities was known throughout campus for the crudeness of its behavior. On the other hand, fraternities with the lowest average testosterone levels were better behaved, friendly and pleasant, more academically successful, and socially responsible. Banks and Dabbs (1996) found that juvenile delinquents and prisoners who had high levels of testosterone also acted more violently, and Tremblay and colleagues (1998) found that testosterone was related to toughness and leadership behaviors in adolescents. men. Although testosterone levels are higher in men than in women, the relationship between testosterone and aggression is

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