The Impact Of Climate Change On Biodiversity – As climate change changes temperatures and weather patterns, it will also impact plant and animal life. Scientists predict the number and range of species that determine biodiversity will decrease significantly as temperatures continue to rise. The loss of biodiversity can have many negative impacts on the future of ecosystems and humanity worldwide.

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, absorb heat from sunlight, preventing it from escaping back into space. As greenhouse gas levels increase, temperatures also increase. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that by 2100, temperatures could rise as much as 6 degrees Celsius (11 degrees Fahrenheit). Although Earth’s climate has changed in the past, the rapid severity of this change will directly affect ecosystems and biodiversity.

The Impact Of Climate Change On Biodiversity

Rising temperatures are already affecting the world’s polar regions. Reducing ice pockets reduces habitat for polar bears, penguins, puffins and other Arctic creatures. As ice melts, sea levels will rise, which will affect and possibly destroy ecosystems on the coast. Changes in temperature will also cause shifts in mating cycles, especially for migratory animals that rely on changes in season to time their migrations and breeding.

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Rising sea levels will also cause changes in ocean temperatures and even ocean currents. Such changes will have a dramatic impact on zooplankton, an essential part of the food chain in the ocean. Changes in where plankton live and their population sizes could upset biodiversity in Earth’s waters. Whales in particular may suffer as many whale species require large amounts of plankton to survive. Additionally, increased carbon dioxide causes ocean acidification, affecting organisms and plants sensitive to pH imbalance.

As biodiversity declines, there will be far-reaching effects. Disruptions in the food chain could have a major impact not only on ecosystems but also on humanity’s ability to feed a growing population. For example, the loss of diverse insect species would reduce the pollination capacity of plants. Additionally, this could reduce humanity’s ability to produce medicines, as extinction claims more and more important plant species. Biodiversity also protects against natural disasters, such as grasses that have evolved specifically to resist the spread of wildfires.

A science and health enthusiast, Meg Michelle began writing professionally about science and fitness in 2007. She holds a bachelor’s degree in physics from Creighton University and a master’s degree in science writing from Johns Hopkins . Her work has appeared in publications such as EARTH Magazine. Many of the world’s most biodiverse areas are located on Africa’s poorest and second most populous continent; a continent facing unique challenges. Africa is expected to quadruple in population by 2100 and experience increasingly severe climate change and environmental conflict – all of which will devastate biodiversity. Here we assess the conservation threats facing Africa and consider how these will be affected by population growth, economic expansion and climate change . We then assess the current capacity and available infrastructure to conserve the continent’s biodiversity. We consider four key questions essential to the future of African conservation: (1) how to build social support for conservation efforts in Africa; (2) how to build Africa’s education, research and management capacity; (3) how to fund conservation efforts; and (4) is conservation through development the appropriate approach for Africa? While the challenges are great, the way forward is clear and we present ideas for how progress can be made. Given Africa’s current modest capacity to address the biodiversity crisis, more international funding is needed, but estimates of the cost of conserving Africa’s biodiversity are within reach. The will to act must build on the empathy for conservation evident in Africa, but this will require building educational capacity within the continent. Considering Africa’s rapidly growing population and the enormous economic needs involved, options other than conservation through development need to be explored more effectively. Despite the dire situation, we believe that a concerted effort over the coming decades can successfully limit biodiversity loss in Africa.

Humanity faces unprecedented environmental challenges. Nowhere are these challenges greater than in Africa, the poorest and second most populous continent (UN, 2015). 20% of Africa’s land area (6.6 million km

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) is in recession, twice the size of India (Archer et al., 2018), while Africa’s population is predicted to quadruple by 2100 (UN, 2015), the impact of climate change The consequences will be very serious (Niang et al., 2014). ), and environmental conflicts are predicted to increase sharply (Laurance et al., 2014). These changes will not only severely impact biodiversity but also the lives and livelihoods of African people. For example, by 2100, more than half of Africa’s bird and mammal species could be gone, and the productivity of African lakes could decline by 20–30% (Archer et al., 2018). .

Grappling with these challenges requires new approaches to conservation, increased efforts, increased integration of research fields, and most importantly, a collective will to make meaningful changes. . Scientists and conservation managers are moving away from project-based programs that focus on specific protected areas or endangered species. They are adopting more integrated strategies that combine social and ecological dynamics (Gardner et al., 2009; Sayer et al., 2013). Researchers now appreciate the impact on conservation outcomes caused by population growth, foreign investment strategies, and changing mining development patterns. Such elements are now incorporated into integrated management programs (e.g. landscape approaches) to conserve biodiversity and ensure human well-being. However, the complexity of integrated and adaptive conservation and management strategies and the need to reconcile the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem services with economic development and human health is difficult and may be out of reach for economically impoverished countries.

Here we assess the conservation challenges facing Africa, focusing on the forest landscapes of sub-Saharan Africa. We synthesize scientific insights that guide our understanding of biodiversity conservation in protected and human-modified landscapes. We examine the most pressing issues and challenges affecting the continent’s biodiversity. Our review includes four lines of inquiry. First, we present a conceptual framework that integrates multiple drivers that define and contextualize our understanding of the future of tropical biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa. Second, we assess the state of biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa, current threats, and consider how these will change under projected patterns of growth and population movements, economic expansion and climate change. Third, we examine the current capacity and institutional infrastructure available to conserve the continent’s biodiversity. Finally, we build on the first three lines of inquiry to discuss a path to maintaining as much of Africa’s biodiversity as possible.

Our conceptual framework considers the social factors that influence biodiversity as well as those that must be considered to develop optimal conservation outcomes for Africa’s biodiversity (Figure 1) . Our framework identifies the complex, interrelated socioeconomic factors at local, national and international levels that largely determine the pressures on biodiversity. Ignoring these factors and how they change will cause conservation efforts to fail in the long run. On the other hand, the ability to respond to threats to biodiversity is determined by institutional capacity operating at local, national and international levels. For example, the best-designed conservation plans will fail without properly trained personnel and funding. The type and degree of influence of social and institutional factors depends on the context and varies between environments, economies, cultures and therefore between countries. Although the strength of interactions between factors will vary and the importance of different factors will vary within and between countries, the overall structure of the framework and the integration of drivers Society and ecology together can be generalized.

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Figure 1. Conceptual framework synthesizing the threats, contexts and factors that must be considered if Africa’s biodiversity is to survive and be effectively protected/maintained.

While recognizing their needs, we go beyond traditional, project-based approaches that focus on specific protected areas or endangered species and shift our focus to programmatic programs. large scale that combines social and ecological concerns with conservation management. We highlight what actions are most needed to make progress, how academic researchers can best contribute to these efforts, and what policy shifts are needed to protect diversity. African biodiversity.

Africa has exceptional biodiversity, with an estimated 50,000–73,000 plant species, 1,100 mammal species, including 194 primate species and 91 antelope species, 2,500 bird species, 3,000–5,500 fish species freshwater, 950 amphibian species, and 1,600–2,100 reptile species (Cormier-Salem et al., 2018; O’Connell et al., 2019). This is about a quarter of the world’s mammal and bird species. These animals occur in a wide variety of habitats, from deserts to tropical forests, from mountaintop glaciers to Lake Assal, 156 meters below sea level. Africa has 8 of the world’s 36 recognized biodiversity hotspots (Archer et al., 2018), 373 Ramsar sites and >1,250 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (Mittermeier et al., 2011; Ajagbe, 2013). It is home to some of the world’s most iconic species that often serve as flagship species for conservation, including gorillas (Gorilla spp.), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and the “Big Five” ( lion—Panthera leo, leopard—Panthera pardus, rhinoceros—Diceros bicornis and Ceratotherium simum, elephant—Loxodonta africana and L. cyclotis, African buffalo—Syncerus caffer).

, about 17% of

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