Importance Of Homeostasis In The Human Body – Homeostasis is the tendency not to deviate from the range of favorable or ideal internal conditions. Such conditions must be kept the same continuously. Maintaining a stable internal condition is crucial for any form of living thing. Different physiological strategies are used to maintain the proper functioning of a system despite the dynamism of the external environment. In fact, this capacity is one of the characteristics of life.

Instead of doing nothing, it acts on and resists the effect of external factors so as not to deviate from the state of equilibrium, stability, or balance that it favors. In humans, homeostasis is maintained through regulatory mechanisms, each composed of three general components: a

Importance Of Homeostasis In The Human Body

. As a feedback control system, the homeostatic process can therefore be conceptualized as a closed-loop structure, meaning that the output of the system is fed back into the system as an input, thereby regulating future action . Positive feedback leads to further stimulation or acceleration of the process while negative feedback leads to the inhibition of the stimulus (source of) or to the deceleration of the process.

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Examples of positive feedback are labor contractions during birth, blood clotting, and action potential generation. Examples of negative feedback systems are thermoregulation, blood glucose regulation, blood pressure baroreflex, calcium homeostasis, potassium homeostasis, and osmoregulation.

The definition of homeostasis in biology is the ability or tendency of the body or cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium –

— as it deals with external changes. It makes use of feedback controls and other regulatory mechanisms or dynamic processes in order to maintain a constant internal environment. It can be understood as an ability of a living organism in its effort to remain in the optimal range despite varying environmental conditions. Therefore, in the biological context, the word homeostasis involves various physiological control mechanisms in order to support and stabilize the functional and normal status of an organism.

, which means “standing”). The concept of homeostasis was first described in 1865 by Claude Bernard, a French physiologist. However, the term was coined later in 1962 by the American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon.

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An organism needs a system that effectively integrates various biological processes and functions. The human body, for example, has body organs made up of cells that work in unison.

These organs, although distinct from each other, must work together in order to maintain a set of internal conditions within the ideal range. There are several homeostatic processes and each of them works by regulating certain variables of the organism’s internal environment.

The human body will not be able to work efficiently if there is a long-term imbalance in the internal physical conditions and chemical composition. Like any other living thing, the human body uses various homeostatic mechanisms to support its optimal functioning.

Variables such as body temperature, pH, sodium level, potassium level, calcium level, and blood sugar level should be kept within the

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. The homeostatic range is defined as the upper and lower permissible limits for a given variable. If beyond the range of homeostatic values, the body soon fails to perform its tasks and becomes dysfunctional. In order for the body to keep these variables within effective limits, several regulatory mechanisms are used and each of them is made up of three general components.

Figure 1: The three main components of homeostasis are receptor, control center, and effector. The receptor collects information from its surroundings and sends it to the control center. The control center, in turn, processes the information and sends signals to the effector. The effector, in turn, produces a response based on the signal from the control center.

Information about the status of the body. Monitors and perceives changes in its environment, both internal and external. It is in the form of a sensory nerve terminal that receives the information (ie stimulus) and then responds by producing a nerve impulse according to the type, presence/absence, or extent of stimulation. Examples of receptors in the human body are as follows:

Belong to the homeostatic component that processes impulses transmitted by receptors. Examples are the respiratory center and the renin-angiotensin system.

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They are the target of the homeostatic response that brings conditions back to optimum or

Range. At the tissue or organ level, they are exemplified by the muscle or the gland. At the cellular level, they are the receptors of a nerve, including nuclear receptors.

These three components work by first detecting and then responding to information (ie stimulus) from sensory cell receptors. These cells respond to the change found in the environment by passing the information to the control center for

In the control center it involves deliberation and determination of the appropriate response to transmitted stimuli. Then, send it

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Will bring about the supposed response that returns to the normal homeostatic range. At the cellular level, activated nuclear receptors will act by up-regulating (or down-regulating) the expression of certain gene(s). The protein produced by gene expression then exerts its effect on the target organ.

Examples are labor contractions, blood clotting, and action potential generation. Negative feedback is an autoregulatory system and is employed in several biological systems. It is

The direction of the stimulus and the tendency to inhibit the source of the stimulus or slow down the metabolic process. Examples include thermoregulation, blood glucose regulation, blood pressure baroreflex, calcium homeostasis, potassium homeostasis, and osmoregulation.

The contraction of labor during labor is a positive response as the initial contraction of the uterine muscle leads to further contractions. Rather than inhibiting the contraction, the body tends to produce more contractions. During labor, the posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin which stimulates muscle contraction. In child delivery, the release of oxytocin increases further, intensifying muscle contractions until the newborn is pushed out of the birth canal.

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The formation of a blood clot in the presence of tissue damage is an example of a positive response. The conversion of blood from liquid to solid form involves a series of activations of clotting factors. As one clotting factor is activated, the next clotting factor is activated, resulting in the formation of a fibrin clot. In this process, the direction of the stimulus is maintained.

In neuron signaling, positive feedback is shown during membrane depolarization. As the nerve impulse is transmitted along the axon of the neuron, voltage-gated sodium channels open in series down the axon. The first set of voltage-gated sodium channels open, resulting in the influx of sodium ions. This, in turn, causes the depolarization of the surrounding area, which means that the next set of sodium channels will open.

Homeostatic regulation of body temperature in winter (left) and summer (right) seasons. In winter, the thermoreceptors detect a drop in body temperature and pass this information to the anterior hypothalamus and the preoptic area of ​​the brain. The brain centers, then, initiate homeostatic control mechanisms to return the body’s core temperature to

. In summer, the body corrects the increase in core temperature by dissipating heat and the evaporative cooling mechanism with sweat. Image prepared by Maria Victoria Gonzaga for Biology Online

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Thermoregulation is an example of negative feedback. It refers to the homeostatic regulation of body temperature. The human body tends to maintain an internal temperature of about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (98.6 ˚F, equivalent to 37 ˚C), also referred to as the

When the ambient temperature is lower than the skin temperature, heat loss occurs. This means that in cold environments (eg during the cold winter season) the body loses heat mainly from the hands and feet. As a result, the core temperature falls. This is collected by the thermoregulatory center of the brain as an

Internal environment and initiates control mechanisms that aim to return the core temperature to the set point. One of the homeostatic mechanisms is by shivering to generate heat.

Heat and consequently, the core temperature rises. This happens during the hot summer days. The thermoregulatory control center in the brain responds, for example by stimulating the eccrine sweat glands to secrete sweat to cool the body (by evaporative cooling).

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. The body maintains an optimal core temperature through internal physiological regulation by a body system made up of thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus, brain, spinal cord, internal organs, and large veins .

For example, during hot weather, they tend to look for shady, cooler places, and/or don’t move around much. During the cold season, they look for warm spots and tend to increase their activity. Some species, such as birds, huddle or nest together for warmth.

Humans, for their part, have designed certain tools, systems and equipment to help achieve a tolerable or ideal ambient temperature inside their shelter.

For example, radiant heating in the form of steam radiators, radiant floor heating, wall heating, stone heaters, and passive solar heating, can efficiently heat surfaces and objects and produce uniform and comfortable heat . Read more facts about Radiant Heating.

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When the blood glucose level is low, the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon which stimulates the liver to convert its stored glycogen into glucose through glycogenolysis or by producing glucose.

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