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How Many Stem Cells In The Human Body

Jonathan M.W. Director of the University of Minnesota Stem Cell Institute. Author From Egg to Embryo.

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Stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some progenitor cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate. Stem cells are a sustainable source of differentiated cells that form the tissues and organs of animals and plants. Stem cells are of great interest because of their potential to develop therapies to replace defective or damaged cells from a variety of disorders and injuries, including Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and diabetes. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, also called tissue stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells (often called ES cells) are primitive cells that develop from an empty sphere of cells (blastocyst) that is released from the inner cell mass of a mammalian embryo. Embryonic cells from human embryos and some other mammalian embryos can be grown in tissue culture.

The most studied embryonic stem cells are mouse embryonic stem cells, first reported in 1981. This type of cell can be grown for a period of time in the presence of the glycoprotein cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). If cultured mouse embryonic stem cells are injected into an early mouse embryo at the blastocyst stage, they will incorporate into the embryo and give rise to cells that will differentiate into most or all of the developing tissue types. This ability to reproduce in mouse embryos is a key defining feature of embryonic stem cells, which is why they are considered pluripotent, meaning they can give rise to any type of cell in the adult body. When embryonic stem cells are maintained in culture in the absence of LIF, they differentiate into “embryonic bodies” that resemble early mouse embryos at the egg cylinder stage with embryonic cells within the outer layer of the endoderm. When embryonic stem cells are transplanted into an adult mouse, they develop into a type of tumor called a teratoma, which involves many different tissue types.

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Mouse embryonic stem cells are widely used to create genetically modified mice. This is done by introducing new genes into embryonic cells in tissue culture, selecting for the specific genetic variant desired, and then introducing the genetically modified cells into mouse embryos. The resulting “chemo” mice are made up of part stem cells and part donor embryonic stem cells. If germ cells (sperm or eggs) are derived from the embryonic cells of certain mice, it is possible to develop a line of mice with the same genetic constitution as the embryonic cells. genetic modification in vitro. This method has been used to produce thousands of new genetic lines. In many such genetic lines, specific genes have been ablated to study their biological function; others included genes with mutations found in various genetic diseases. These “mouse models” of human disease are used to study disease pathology and new treatments.

Experience with mouse embryonic stem cells allowed scientists to grow early embryonic stem cells from human embryos, and the first human stem cell lines were created in 1998. Human embryonic stem cells are similar to mouse embryonic stem cells in many ways, but they do not require LIF to function. Human embryonic stem cells form highly differentiated tissues in vitro and form teratomas when immunized into infected mice. It is not known whether the cells can colonize all tissues of the human embryo, but their other properties suggest that they are indeed pluripotent cells and therefore considered as a source of differentiated cells for cell therapy. from the patient’s defective cell type with healthy cells. A large number of cells, such as neurons that secrete dopamine to treat Parkinson’s disease and pancreatic beta cells that secrete insulin to treat diabetes, can be produced from embryonic stem cells for stem cell transplantation. Cells for this purpose were previously available only from a limited supply source, pancreatic beta cells obtained from the cadavers of human organ donors.

The use of human embryonic stem cells raises ethical concerns because blastocyst-stage embryos are destroyed in the process of extracting the cells. Cell-derived embryos are produced through in vitro fertilization, and those who consider human embryos to be human generally believe that this practice is morally wrong. Others accept this because they consider blastocysts to be just a ball of cells, and human stem cells used in laboratories have not previously been given any special moral or legal status. Furthermore, it is known that none of the cells of the inner cell mass can be exclusively part of the embryo – all cells contribute to some or all of the cell lineages of the placenta, which is not specifically given. legal status. The diversity of opinion on this issue is reflected in the fact that embryonic stem cells are banned in some countries and banned in others.

In 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first clinical trial designed to test the embryonic stem cell-based therapy, but the trial was halted in late 2011 due to lack of funding and changes in operating instructions by the American biotech company Gero. . The treatment to be tested is called GRNOPC1, which is derived from progenitor cells (partially differentiated cells) that once matured into nerve cells in the body called oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte progenitors of GRNOPC1 were generated from human embryonic stem cells. The treatment is designed to restore nerve function in people suffering from acute spinal cord injuries.

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Embryonic germ (EG) cells, which are derived from primordial germ cells found in the late embryonic gonadal gland, have many properties of embryonic stem cells. The primordial germ cells in the embryo develop into stem cells that give rise to reproductive gametes (sperm or eggs) in the adult. In mice and humans, embryonic stem cells can be grown in tissue culture with the corresponding growth factors LIF and another cytokine called fibroblast growth factor. Although we start with one cell, it is made up of 30 trillion cells. This cell reproduces itself and each of the copies reproduces itself and it repeats. Eventually, these cells form a complete person.

Stem cells, also called stem cells, are no different. This means that they have the potential to become any type of cell, but are not specialized. Once a certain cell is formed, the new cells begin to differentiate and become unique cells with a very specific purpose.

There are about 200 different types of cells, and each has a specific role in the body. They have different sizes and shapes, and even different lifespans.

When cells die or are damaged, they must be replaced, so cell division continues throughout our lives. The human body creates about 300 billion new cells every day. More than half of these are red blood cells, which last only about 120 days and are constantly replaced. This is a completely normal process.

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With a few important exceptions, when healthy cells divide, they are preprogrammed to become a specific cell type and are controlled to reproduce themselves. They also have a programmed age limit, after which they naturally die and are replaced.

If there is an error in the replication process and the replicated cell is defective, a tumor occurs. The worst mistake they can make is to continue to multiply themselves indefinitely. In addition, they are often unspecialized or undifferentiated, so they do not serve a purpose and do not undergo normal cellular life.

As the cells continue to divide, they can eventually form a lump or mass that affects the part of the body where it lives. This part of the body cannot

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