High Red Blood Cell Count And Platelets – Polycythemia (also known as polycythemia) is a laboratory finding in which hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood) and/or hemoglobin contraction are increased in the blood. Polycythemia is sometimes called erythrocytosis, and there is significant overlap in the two findings, but the terms are not the same: polycythemia describes any increase in hematocrit and/or hemoglobin, while erythrocytosis describes an increase specifically in the number of red blood cells in the blood. blood.

Absolute polycythemia can be caused by genetic mutations in the bone marrow (“primary polycythemia”), physiological adaptations to the virus, medications, and/or other health conditions.

High Red Blood Cell Count And Platelets

Laboratory studies, such as serum erythropoeitin levels and getic tests, may be helpful in clarifying the cause of polycythemia if physical examination and pathological history do not reveal a likely cause.

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Mild polycythemia by itself is usually asymptomatic. Treatment for polycythemia varies and usually involves treating the underlying cause.

Treatment of primary polycythemia (see polycythemia vera) may involve phlebotomy, antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of blood clots, and additional cytoreductive therapy to reduce the number of red blood cells produced in the bone marrow.

Polycythemia is defined as serum hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin (HgB) exceeding the normal ranges expected for age and sex, typically Hct > 49% in healthy adults and > 48% in women, or HgB > 16.5g/dL in m or > 16.0g/dL in women.

Different diseases or conditions can cause polycythemia in adults. These processes are discussed in more detail in their respective sections below.

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Relative polycythemia is not a true increase in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, but rather an elevated laboratory finding caused by a reduction in blood plasma (hypovolemia, cf. dehydration). Relative polycythemia is often caused by loss of body fluids, such as burns, dehydration, and stress.

A specific type of relative polycythemia is Gaisböck syndrome. In this syndrome, which occurs mainly in obese people, hypertension causes a reduction in plasma volume, resulting (among other changes) in a relative increase in red blood cell count.

If relative polycythemia is considered unlikely because the patit has no other signs of hemocontraction and has had sustained polycythemia without clear loss of body fluids, the patit likely has absolute or true polycythemia.

Polycythemia in newborns is defined as hematocrit > 65%. Significant polycythemia may be associated with blood hyperviscosity or blood thickening. Causes of neonatal polycythemia include:

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The pathophysiology of polycythemia varies depending on its cause. The production of red blood cells (or erythropoiesis) in the body is regulated by erythropoietin, which is a protein produced by the kidneys in response to poor oxygen distribution.

As a result, more erythropoeitin is produced to stimulate red blood cell production and increase oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in secondary polycythemia, which may be an appropriate response to hypoxic conditions such as chronic smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, and high altitude.

Additionally, certain genetic conditions can impair the body’s accurate detection of serum oxygen levels, which leads to excessive production of erythropoeitin even without hypoxia or impaired oxygen delivery to tissues.

Alternatively, certain types of cancer, particularly ral cell carcinoma, and medications such as testosterone use may cause inadequate production of erythropoeitin that stimulates red blood cell production despite adequate oxygen administration.

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Primary polycythemia, on the other hand, is caused by genetic mutations or defects of red blood cell progenitors in the bone marrow, leading to excessive growth and hyperproliferation of red blood cells, regardless of erythropoeitin levels.

Increased hematocrit and red blood cell mass with polycythemia increases blood viscosity, leading to impaired blood flow and contributing to an increased risk of clotting (thrombosis).

The first step in evaluating new polycythemia in any individual is to perform a detailed history and physical examination.

Patits should be asked about smoking history, altitude, medication use, personal history of bleeding and clotting, symptoms of sleep apnea (snoring, apnea episodes), and any family history of hematologic conditions or polycythemia. A complete cardiopulmonary exam, including auscultation of the heart and lungs, can help evaluate for cardiac bypass or chronic lung disease. An abdominal exam can evaluate for the presence of slomegaly, which can be seen in polycythemia vera. Examination of the digits for erythromelalgia, clubbing, or cyanosis can help evaluate chronic hypoxia.

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Polycythemia is often initially identified on a complete blood count (CBC). Complete blood count is often repeated to evaluate for persistent polycythemia.

Primary polycythemias are myeloproliferative diseases that affect red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera (PCV) (also known as polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)) occurs when an excess of red blood cells is produced as a result of an abnormality in the bone marrow.

Often, excess white blood cells and platelets are also produced. A striking feature of polycythemia vera is the high hematocrit, with Hct > 55% in 83% of cases.

A somatic (non-hereditary) mutation (V617F) in the JAK2 gene, also present in other myeloproliferative diseases, is found in 95% of cases.

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Symptoms include headaches and dizziness, and signs on physical examination include an abnormally large spleen and/or liver. Studies suggest that mean arterial pressure (MAP) only increases when hematocrit levels are 20% above baseline values. When hematocrit levels are lower than this percentage, MAP decreases in response, which may be due, in part, to increased viscosity and decreased width of the plasma layer. Additionally, affected individuals may have other conditions associated with hypertension, including the formation of blood clots. Transformation to acute leukemia is rare. Phlebotomy is the mainstay of treatment.

Primary familial polycythemia, also known as primary familial and congital polycythemia (PFCP), exists as a major hereditary condition, in contrast to the myeloproliferative changes associated with acquired PCV. In many families, PFCP is due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the ge erythropoietin receptor EPOR.

PFCP can cause an increase of up to 50% in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; skier Eero Mäntyranta had PFCP, which is speculated to have given him an advantage in endurance events.

Secondary polycythemia is caused by natural or artificial increases in the production of erythropoietin, that is, an increase in the production of erythrocytes.

Benign Blood Conditions

Secondary polycythemia, in which erythropoietin production increases appropriately, is called physiological polycythemia. Conditions that can result in physiological polycythemia include:

Conditions in which secondary polycythemia is not caused by physiological adaptation and occurs independently of the body’s needs include:

Rare inherited mutations in three genes, which result in increased stability of hypoxia-inducible factors, leading to increased erythropoietin production, have been shown to cause secondary polycythemia:

Polycythemia is often asymptomatic; patits may not show any notable symptoms until their red blood cell count is very high. For patients with significant elevations in hemoglobin or hematocrit (usually due to polycythemia vera), some nonspecific symptoms include:

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The prevalence of primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) has been estimated to be approximately 44-57 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.

In a study using the NHANES dataset, the prevalence of unexplained erythrocytosis is 35.1 per 100,000, and was higher among men and among individuals aged 50-59 and 60-69 years.

Polycythemia is theorized to increase performance in endurance sports due to the blood being able to store more oxygen.

This idea has led to the illegal use of blood doping and transfusions among professional athletes, as well as the use of altitude training or elevation training masks to simulate a low-oxygen virus. However, the benefits of training at altitude for athletes to improve performance at sea level are not universally accepted, and one reason is that athletes at altitude may exert less force during training. red and white blood cells and even platelets. All of these cells are formed in the bone marrow. Although some disorders disrupt the function of one of these cells, they can also harm multiple blood cells and their function. .

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Below are some common benign blood disorders that affect blood cells and platelets. To help our patients better understand each condition, we have included the symptoms, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatment options for each of these benign blood disorders.

What is anemia? Anemia is a blood cell disorder that affects the function of red blood cells. If you suffer from anemia, your body lacks the healthy blood cells needed to carry oxygen to the rest of your body. Anemia is also sometimes called low hemoglobin. .

Signs and symptoms related to anemia depend on the severity and type of anemia you have been diagnosed with. Additionally, anemia can sometimes present without symptoms. However, some symptoms that may be indicative of anemia include:

Anemia is often associated with a lack of specific vitamins and minerals, chronic conditions and intestinal disorders. Additionally, other risk factors for anemia include pregnancy, menstruation, age, and family history of anemia.

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To diagnose anemia, our hematologists may recommend a complete blood count (CBC), which will tell us about the level of red blood cells present in your blood.

If it is due to dietary deficiency, supplementation of the deficient nutrients (folate, iron or vitamin B12) may be appropriate. If there are other causes, treatment should be directed accordingly.

Iron deficiency anemia is a common form of anemia when the body does not have enough iron to make hemoglobin.

Some common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are general fatigue, unusual weakness, paleness

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