Harmful Effects Of Pesticides On The Environment – The role of social norms in natural resource management: the case of a communal land allocation program in northern Ethiopia

Effects of soil fill and rock soil fill on soil physicochemical properties and crop yields under rainfed conditions in northwestern Ethiopia

Harmful Effects Of Pesticides On The Environment

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The Growing Problem Of Pesticide Resistance

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Un Experts Denounce ‘myth’ Pesticides Are Necessary To Feed The World

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Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno 61300, Czech Republic

Department of Farm Forestry, University Teaching Department, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya (Formerly Sarguja University), Sarguja, Ambikapur 497001, India

Faculty of Agri-Food, Environment, Forestry Sciences and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy

Impact Of Pesticides Use In Agriculture: Their Benefits And Hazards

Received: December 31, 2019 / Revised: January 17, 2020 / Accepted: January 17, 2020 / Published: January 23, 2020

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that three million cases of agrochemical poisoning have been reported in developing countries. The long-term, intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals has adversely affected soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability and food security, causing long-term harmful effects on food security and human and animal health. Most agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. Altering the diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community may be detrimental to plant growth and development by reducing nutrient availability or increasing the incidence of disease. There is currently a need for quality, innovative and demand-driven soil science research, especially in developing countries, to facilitate high-quality, environmentally friendly research by creating a supportive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merit. We therefore reviewed (1) the effects of various agrochemicals on soil microbial diversity and the environment; (2) the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop conservation and improvement solutions, and (3) management strategies that guide the scientific community, policymakers, and land managers in integrating soil improvement and sustainability practices in smallholder farms. The current review provides a better understanding of agricultural soil management for food and nutritional security.

In many developing countries, current agricultural methods follow unsustainable practices that have resulted in the emission of enormous amounts of toxic wastewater directly or indirectly into the soil, air and water [1]. The emergence of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has further complicated the scenario of soil inputs and their degradation [2, 3]. Elements of variability of soil properties based on climatic and geospatial characteristics are also key to consider [4, 5]. Currently, various agrochemicals (i.e. herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, molluscicides, rodenticides and chemical fertilizers are used unwisely [6] that adversely affect the beneficial (micro) fauna and flora in the soil (Fig. 1).

Any substance used to control, repel, or kill plant or animal life is a pesticide, and this group includes herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. The demand for pesticides is constantly growing, and over 50% of pesticides used come from Asia (Figure 2). Saint Lucia is at the top for pesticide use per hectare (Figure 3), and China is among the top pesticide-using countries in the world (Figure 4). The growing global demand for high-quality, protein-rich food resources for the world’s ever-growing population creates an urgent need to develop an ecologically sound strategy to maintain soil health and increase food security without degrading soil biodiversity on a global scale.

Pdf) Environmental And Health Effects Of Pesticide Residues

The impact of pesticides on agronomic yields and profit margins makes them an essential element of modern agricultural practices. However, the mass use of pesticides leads to the degradation of soil microbial ecosystems [8]. Weeds and insects are the main reducing biotic factors in agriculture and hinder crop yields, productivity and resource efficiency [9]. Therefore, herbicides (a type of pesticide that kills specific herbs) and insecticides (a type of pesticide that kills specifically selected insects) are used indiscriminately to ensure higher production by eliminating or suppressing pest populations [10]. The United States ranks among the top ten countries in the world using herbicides and insecticides (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Labor costs, choice of pesticide application, and the promise of rapid pest control have made pesticide use legal or common throughout the world [11]. These chemical compounds are applied directly to soil layers or in the form of sprays, where floating aerosols and their excessive release due to leaching enter rivers, streams and other water bodies in the form of agricultural runoff [12].

As a result, most of the complex agrochemical compounds end up in the soil, several of which are poisonous to the action of beneficial, non-target soil microorganisms [13]. More than 95% of herbicides and 98% of insecticides applied reach non-target soil microorganisms than their pests because they are sprayed proportionally over the entire field, regardless of affected areas [14]. Therefore, of the total amount of pesticides used, approximately 0.1% reaches the target organisms, the remaining part pollutes the soil and the environment. This massive use of pesticides not only disrupts soil biodiversity, but also adversely affects soil microcosms, including the soil microfauna of field communities and the soil ecosystem [15]. Large amounts of pesticides entering the soil have a direct impact on soil microflora, which is a biological indicator of soil fertility affecting the growth and development of plants [16, 17, 18]. Similarly, several studies have reported the effects of numerous pesticides on inhibiting the activities of soil enzymes that influence the nutritional status of the soil and include the activities of hydrolysis, nitrate reductase, urease, oxidoreductases, nitrogenase, and dehydrogenase. Moreover, pesticide use also affects biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and its associated biotransformation (i.e., ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, phosphorus solubilization, and S-oxidation) [19]. Furthermore, the intensive use of pesticides in modern agriculture results in reduced microbial carbon biomass (MCB) and functional diversity of many non-target soil microbial populations [13].

Elaine Ingham, an American microbiologist and founder of Soil Foodweb, stated: “If we lose both bacteria and fungi, the soil will degrade.” Microorganisms in soil are important solely because they influence soil structure, function, and fertility [20]. These organisms primarily decompose organic matter, but they also perform many other functions, such as providing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), etc. through binding and mineralization. Thereby helping plants grow by detoxifying harmful chemicals, suppressing disease-causing organisms, and producing substances that can stimulate plant growth. Soil microbes also mineralize essential plant nutrients in the soil to improve crop productivity, produce plant hormones that stimulate the plant immune system, promote growth, and activate stress responses [21]. For example, Rhizobium converts atmospheric N into biology. Factors including biodiversity above and below ground and population dynamics influence soil health. Globally, renewed efforts and focus on strategies to manage food supply and security, nutrition, soil health and sustainability are needed to understand the impact of agrochemicals on soil microbiota.

The overarching aim of this review is to provide an overview of the impact of agrochemicals on soil sustainability and health and to outline some management options that may be useful to the scientific community, policy makers and land managers in

Reduced Risk’ Pesticides Are Widespread In California Streams

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