Different Regions Of The Brain And Their Functions – This article is about functional specialization among brain regions. For the specific topic of left-right brain specialization, see Lateral aspect of brain function.

In neuroscience, functional specialization is a theory that suggests that different areas of the brain are specialized for different functions.

Different Regions Of The Brain And Their Functions

Terminology coined by Franz Joseph Gall (1828-1758) and Johann Gaspar Spurgheim (1832-1776), best known for the idea that a person’s personality can be determined by the variety of ridges on the skull. that different areas of people’s brains have different characteristics. It has different functions and may well be related to different behaviors.

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Gall and Sporgimus were the first to observe the intersection of the pyramidal tracts, thus explaining why lesions appear in one hemisphere on the opposite side of the body. However, Gall and Sporgium did not attempt to justify pherology on anatomical grounds. It has been argued that phrology was primarily a science of race. Gall considered the most compelling arguments in favor of the terms to be the differences in skull shape found in sub-Saharan Africans and the anecdotal evidence (due to scientific travelers and colonists) of their intellectual inferiority and emotional volatility. In Italy, Luigi Rolando performed lesion experiments and performed electrical stimulation of the brain, including Rolandi’s area.

Phineas Gage became one of the first case studies of the injury in 1848 when a large iron bar exploded completely through his head, destroying his left frontal lobe. He recovered without gross visual, motor, or cognitive deficits, but his behavior had changed so much that Frieds described him as “no longer confused,” suggesting that the damaged areas were involved in “higher functions” such as personality.

In the 20th century, in the process of treating epilepsy, Wilder Pifield made maps of the location of different functions (motor, sensory, memory, vision) in the brain.

Currently, there are two main theories about the cognitive function of the brain. The first is the theory of modularity. This theory, which originates from pherology, supports functional specialization, suggesting that the brain has different modules that are functionally domain-specific. The second theory, distributed processing, proposes that the brain is more interactive and that its regions are functionally interconnected rather than specialized. Each orientation plays a role in certain goals and complements each other (see the section “Cooperation” below).

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Modularity theory suggests that there are functionally specialized areas in the brain that are specific domains for different cognitive processes.

Jerry Fodor expanded on the early concept of pherology by developing his theory of the modularity of the mind. The modularity theory of mind suggests that distinct neural regions, called modules, are defined by their functional roles in cognition. He also traces many of his concepts of modularity back to philosophers such as Descartes, who wrote about the mind being composed of “organs” or “psychological faculties.” An example of Fodor’s concept of modules is SE in cognitive processes such as vision, which have many separate mechanisms for color, shape, and spatial perception.

One of the fundamental beliefs of domain specificity and modularity theory suggests that it is a consequence of natural selection and a feature of our cognitive architecture. Researchers Hirschfeld and Gelman suggest that because the human mind has evolved by natural selection, it means that if it increases “appropriate” behavior, it will create advanced performance. Research on this evolutionary perspective suggests that domain specificity plays a role in the development of cognition because it allows one to specify adaptive problems.

An issue for the modular theory of cognitive neuroscience is that there are anatomical differences in the cerebral cortex from individual to individual. Although many studies of modularity have come from very specific lesion case studies, the idea is to create a map of neural function that applies to individuals in general. To extrapolate from lesion studies and other case studies, this requires adherence to the assumption of universality, that there are no differences, qualitatively, between individuals who are neurologically intact. For example, two subjects are essentially neurologically identical before their lesions and have completely different cognitive deficits afterward. Subject 1 with a lesion in area “A” of the brain may have impairment in cognitive ability “X” but not “Y”, while subject 2 with a lesion in area “B” has impaired ability “Y” but not “X”. ” is showing. ” is unimpressive; results like this allow for inferences to be made about brain specialization and localization, also known as the use of dichotomous dissociation.

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The problem with this theory is that in normal individuals without a lesion, the locations within the brain anatomy are similar but not exactly the same. There is strong evidence for this heritable defect in our ability to fake wh using functional localization techniques (fMRI, PET, etc.). To explain this problem, the coordinate-based Talairach and Tournoux stereotaxic system is widely used to compare the results of subjects with standard brains using an algorithm. Another solution using coordinates involves comparing brains using sulcal reference points. A slightly newer technique is the use of functional landmarks, which combine pit and ring landmarks (grooves and cortical folds) to locate a region due to its modularity, such as the fusiform face region. This prominent area works to guide the researcher to the neighboring strata.

Future developments for modular theories of neuropsychology may lie in ‘modular psychiatry’. The implication is that a modular understanding of the brain and advanced neuroimaging techniques allow for more empirical diagnosis of MTAL and affective disorders. For example, in relation to this extension of the theory of modularity with regard to neurophysical differences in people with depression and schizophrenia, some works have been done. Zielasek and Gaeble set out a list of requirements in the field of neuropsychology to move towards neuropsychiatry:

Research on the study of brain function can also be applied to cognitive behavioral therapy. As treatment becomes increasingly refined, it is important to differentiate cognitive processes in order to discover their relevance to different patient treatments. A specific example comes from studies on lateral specialization between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The functional specialization of these hemispheres provides insight into different forms of cognitive behavioral therapy, one focusing on verbal cognition (the main function of the left hemisphere) and the other emphasizing imagery or spatial cognition (the main function of the right hemisphere).

Both of these therapeutic techniques rely on the patient’s ability to use visual imagery to counter or replace disease symptoms such as anxiety. Examples of cognitive behavioral therapies that involve verbal recognition that require left hemisphere activity in the brain include self-directed training.

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Both of these therapeutic techniques focus on the internal manifestations of patients and require them to use voice recognition. In deciding which cognitive therapy to use, it is important to consider the patient’s initial cognitive style. Many people prefer a visual image to a verbal one and vice versa. One way to find out which hemisphere favors Peyt is to observe their lateral eye movements. Studies show that eye gaze reflects the activation of the opposite hemisphere of the brain. Thus, when asked questions that require spatial thinking, people tend to shift their eyes to the left, whereas when asked questions that require verbal thinking, they tend to shift their eyes to the right.

As a result, this information allows one to choose the optimal cognitive behavioral therapy method and thereby enhance the treatment of many patients.

One of the best-known examples of functional specialization is the fusiform face area (FFA). Justin Sergett was one of the first researchers to provide evidence for the functional neuroanatomy of face processing. Using positron emission tomography (PET), Serget found that there were different activation patterns in response to two different demanding tasks, face processing and object processing.

These results can be related to his studies on brain-damaged patients with lesions in the occipital and temporal lobes. Pettitz showed that there was a problem in processing faces, but not in recognizing everyday objects, a disorder also known as prosopagnosia.

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Later research by Nancy Kanwisher, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), specifically showed that an area of ​​the inferior temporal cortex, known as the fusiform gyrus, was better compared to other areas when viewing, recognizing, and categorizing faces. It is significantly more active. Brain lesion studies also support this finding, where patients were able to recognize objects but not faces. This provides evidence for domain specificity in the visual system, as Kanwisher identifies the fusiform face area as a module in the brain, specifically the extracortical cortex, that is specialized for face perception.

While looking at regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), using PET, researcher Semir Zeki directly demonstrated functional specialization in the visual cortex, known as visual modularity, for the first time in monkeys.

And in the human visual brain. He localized areas specifically involved in the perception of color and visual motion, as well as orientation (form).

For color, visual area V4 was shown to subjects with two identical displays, one polychromatic and the other shades of gray.

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This is further supported by lesion studies where subjects were unable to see colors after injury.

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