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Central Nervous System Is Made Up Of

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The Central Nervous System

Central nervous system, system of nervous tissue in vertebrates consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system controls both voluntary movements, such as those involved in walking and talking, and involuntary movements, such as breathing and reflex actions. It is also the center of emotions and cognition. It is one of the two main parts that make up the human nervous system, the other being the peripheral nervous system (the nerves that carry impulses to and from the central nervous system).

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called meninges, and both float in crystalline cerebrospinal fluid. The central nervous system is found largely within the axial skeleton, in which the brain is enclosed in a bony vault, the neurocranium, while the cylindrical and elongated spinal cord is found in the vertebral canal, which is formed by successive connected vertebrae by dense ligaments. The nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It acts as the body’s control center, processing sensory information and directing responses. The central nervous system coordinates voluntary activities, such as movement, and involuntary activities, such as breathing and heartbeat.

However, the brain cannot do this on its own because it needs to receive information from the body’s sensory receptors, which it achieves through communication with the spinal cord.

The central nervous system is called “central” because in addition to occupying the central position of the body, it is also the most important part of the nervous system for maintaining and producing behavior.

Anatomy Of The Brain And Spine

The central nervous system has three main components which are the brain, the spinal cord and the nerve cells: the cerebrum

The brain is responsible for functions such as thinking, forming memories, movement and awareness. The human brain is made up of three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.

The brainstem is located at the base of the brain and is one of the most primitive regions of the brain; and is made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

The cerebellum is located just above the brainstem, which monitors and regulates motor behavior, particularly automatic movements and balance.

The Nervous System Made Up Of The Brain, Spinal Cord, And Peripheral Nerves. Senses The Environment And Creates A Response. Central Nervous.

The cerebrum is the most recently developed part of the human brain and is the largest part of the brain (constituting approximately 85% of the total mass). The brain is divided into two cerebral hemispheres that work together to produce various functions such as voluntary behaviors, language, cognitive thinking, and awareness.

The left hemisphere is responsible for controlling the movements of the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere is responsible for controlling the movements of the left side of the body.

The surface of the brain is covered by the cerebral cortex, often called gray matter. Gray matter is made up of a thin layer of tissue, about 3 mm thick, containing billions of neurons. Gray matter is the structure in which memories are stored, perceptions occur and information is processed.

Gray matter neurons are connected to other parts of the brain by a layer of nerve fibers called white matter, so called because of the shiny white appearance of the substance that insulates it.

Nervous System Structure & Function

The gray matter has a typically wrinkled appearance: it is full of bulges separated by grooves. A swelling in the brain is called a gyrus, or gyrus, plural. The grooves in the brain are called fissures. The fissures and gyri expand the surface area of ​​the cerebral cortex, ultimately increasing the number of neurons it can contain.

Animals with larger brains and higher functioning, such as humans and some primates, have wrinkled brains and, therefore, larger cerebral cortex.

The spinal cord is a long, thin collection of neurons attached to the base of the brain (brainstem), running along the spine.

The spinal cord contains circuits of neurons that can control some of our simple reflexes, such as moving a hand away from a hot surface without the brain’s participation.

Nervous System Anatomy And Physiology

The central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body through nerves, which are bundles of fibers that transmit signals to and from the central nervous system. The nerves that are attached to the spinal cord make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Nerve roots exit the spinal cord and travel to both sides of the body, carrying messages back and forth between the brain and peripheral nerves.

The central structure of the spinal cord is made up of gray matter, while the external tissues are made up of white matter. Inside the spinal cord there are 30 segments, each belonging to one of four sections:

In order for messages to be transmitted throughout the central nervous system and body, there are billions of cells that help in the functioning of the brain and spinal cord.

Central Nervous System Download All

Neurons, or nerve cells, connect to each other to send and receive messages in the brain and spinal cord. Neurons work together to transmit sensory information to the brain and are responsible for decisions, emotions and muscle activity.

There are approximately 86 billion neurons in the central nervous system, with thousands of different subtypes identified that perform different functions. Each neuron consists of a cell body (soma), axons and dendrites.

Glial cells are non-neuronal cells of the central nervous system that do not transmit messages but protect and support neurons. Glial cells represent approximately 90% of the total cells of the central nervous system. There are three types of glial cells in the central nervous system: astrocytes, microglials, and oligodendrocytes.

Astrocytes are the main support cells of the central nervous system, which produce and secrete proteins called neurotrophic factors (which support the growth and survival of neurons). These types of cells also help remove harmful proteins and chemicals that can damage neurons.

Protection Of The Central Nervous System

Microglial cells are responsible for clearing damaged neurons and infections and are important for maintaining the health of the central nervous system. They also produce molecules called cytokines that regulate the cell’s immunity in response to damage.

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing a fatty substance called myelin, which is used as insulation that wraps around the axons of neurons. Myelin is essential for neurons to carry electrical messages at a much faster rate than neurons that are not insulated by myelin.

Because the central nervous system is vital for a variety of functions as well as survival, it is exceptionally well protected. A skull encloses the brain, and the spinal cord runs through the center of a column of hollow bones called vertebrae.

In addition to this, the brain and spinal cord are also protected by a three-layered set of membranes called meninges (the layers specifically called pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater).

Peripheral Nervous System: What It Is And How It Works

To ensure that the brain and spinal cord do not come into direct contact with the skull bones or vertebrae, they float in a clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between two meninges and circulates within the ventricles of the central nervous system, providing a surrounding cushion to the brain and spinal cord, protecting them from damage.

Noback, C. R., Ruggiero, D. A., Strominger, N. L., & Demarest, R. J. (Eds.). (2005). The human nervous system: structure and function (No. 744). Springer Science and Business Media.

Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience working in higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Nervous System 4: The Peripheral Nervous System

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. Previously you worked in the healthcare and education sectors. Your peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two main parts of your body’s nervous system. Your PNS provides information to your brain from most of your senses. It carries signals that allow you to move your muscles. Your PNS also provides signals that your brain uses to control vital, unconscious processes such as heartbeat and breathing.

The central and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system branches from the spinal cord and brain to reach every part of the body.

Your peripheral nervous system (PNS) is that part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord. It plays a key role in both sending information from different areas of the body to the brain and executing commands from the brain to various parts of the body.

Some of these signals, such as those that reach the heart and intestines, are automatic. Others, such as those that control movement, are under your control.

Thinking About The Nervous System

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Your nervous system

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