Cause Of Too Many Red Blood Cells – Polycythemia is a blood disorder in which there are too many red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. Red blood cells are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body by moving it through the circulatory system. Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow, where hematopoietic cells are stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys. Polycythemia can be caused by increased production of erythropoietin or by an increased number of hematopoietic cells, thus increasing RBC production. As a result, the increased blood flow can lead to congestion in various organs. In particular, the secretion, which is responsible for the destruction of RBCs, can be enlarged.

Polycythemia is a general term for any condition that results in a high red blood cell count, while polycythemia vera is only used to describe primary polycythemia. Primary polycythemia is a rare blood disorder in which the polycythemia is not caused by another problem (secondary polycythemia).

Cause Of Too Many Red Blood Cells

The gene codes for a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that transfers the phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to another molecule to help regulate cell division. When there is a

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Mutation, this process can be reversed. As a result, hematopoietic stem cells divide and differentiate uncontrollably. They can differentiate into many types of blood cells, especially RBCs, white blood cells, and platelets.

On the other hand, secondary polycythemia results from another underlying problem. Secondary polycythemia is often associated with low oxygen from tissue hypoxia, which can cause the kidneys to increase production of erythropoietin. Common causes of this hypoxia include low altitude, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cyanotic heart disease. Additionally, conditions that affect the kidneys (eg, kidney stones, kidney cysts, and kidney tumors) can also cause elevated levels of erythropoietin. Adverse effects of certain hormone-related drugs, such as erythropoietin analogs, anabolic steroids, and testosterone, can also cause polycythemia. Rarely, tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, can secrete erythropoietin, thereby causing polycythemia.

Risk factors for all types of polycythemia include obesity, smoking, chronic alcoholism, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension. Specific causes of primary polycythemia include being born to men at birth or older than 50 years.

The primary signs and symptoms of polycythemia include fatigue, headache, dizziness, and episodic blurred vision. Individuals may also experience flushing, or burning and wheezing, after taking a bath or shower. Other signs and symptoms may include hypertension, mucosal cyanosis, bruising, and petechiae (i.e. patches of red and flat skin). When the stomach is full, there may be an enlarged kidney or liver.

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Polycythemia can also cause complications related to blood clotting and clotting, or clotting. Individuals have a high risk of blood clots, which can cause strokes, strokes, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris. Hypertension also increases the production of uric acid in the body, which leads to kidney stones and gout (ie, fatty acid-induced inflammation of the joints). In addition, excess weight can cause problems in the gastrointestinal system, including the development of peptic ulcers. Over time, if polycythemia vera is not properly controlled, the bone marrow can fill with scar tissue and RBC production will eventually decrease. This can lead to myelofibrosis, bone cancer, and symptoms, such as weakness and fatigue.

Diagnosing polycythemia begins with a thorough evaluation of signs and symptoms and medical history, and performing a physical exam. Afterwards, a blood test is usually done. A complete blood count can confirm a suspected increase in red blood cells, as it will usually show an increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin. With primary polycythemia, there may also be an increase in the number of white blood cells and platelets. Genetic testing for a

The mutation can also confirm primary polycythemia. Elevated erythropoietin levels can confirm multiple causes of secondary polycythemia. In addition, imaging, including X-ray, ultrasound, or MRI, can be used to determine the underlying cause of the lung or heart disease causing secondary polycythemia.

The goal of treating polycythemia is to reduce the production of red blood cells. For secondary polycythemia, treatment of the underlying condition is important. In general, phlebotomy can be used to remove blood from the body and first reduce the quality and size of the blood. It is therefore recommended that people drink more water and take aspirin to prevent bleeding. To stop the production of bone marrow RBCs, treatment may also include myelosuppressive drugs, such as hydroxyurea.

Red Blood Cell

Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells. There are two types, primary and secondary. Primary polycythemia, or polycythemia vera, is usually caused by an infection

Mutation. Secondary polycythemia is polycythemia that develops secondary to another disease that causes increased production of erythropoietin and hematopoietic stem cells, such as tissue hypoxia, kidney disease, and adverse effects of certain drugs. Common signs and symptoms include fatigue, headaches, episodic blurred vision, and dizziness. Testing involves a physical examination followed by a blood test that confirms an increased RBC count. Treatment includes removing the blood through phlebotomy, rehydration, aspirin, and bone marrow suppression or chemotherapy.

Haider, M., & Anwer, F. (2022, January 5). Secondary Polycythemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/27405/

Strong, M. M., Kwong, J., Roberts, D., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. (2020). Lewis’s Surgical Therapy: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (11th ed.). Elsevier.

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Mayo Clinic. (2022, February 11). Polycythemia Vera – Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/indwara-conditions/polycythemia-vera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355850.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Polycythemia Vera. In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/polycythemia-vera

Pillai, A. A., Fazal, S., & Babiker, H. M. (2021, November 3). Polycythemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/libraries/NBK526081/ Hemoglobin disorders are a group of inherited conditions that affect a person’s red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. In people with hemoglobin deficiency, the number of red blood cells is low, they can’t do their job, or both.

The most common hemoglobin disorders are anemia and thalassemia. Some of the genes that cause these diseases also protect against malaria—a deadly mosquito-borne parasite. Through natural selection, these genes have become common in some parts of the world.

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Hbb codes for beta-globin protein. Two molecules of beta-globin combine with two molecules of alpha-globin to form hemoglobin. If there is a problem with the protein-beta-globin, the hemoglobin does not work properly, and the red blood cells cannot do their job.

The HBB gene, on chromosome 11, codes for the beta-globin protein. Two molecules of beta-globin combine with two molecules of alpha-globin to form hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin protein is the major component of red blood cells. It gives blood its color and allows it to carry oxygen. The red color comes from hemes – iron-containing molecules that sit in globin proteins. Heme is needed for hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

There are many different versions (alleles) of the HBB gene, each coding for a different beta-globin protein. Some HBB alleles may cause the disease. Each type of beta-globin disease has its own unique set of symptoms, which can range from mild to life-threatening. In all of these disorders, symptoms return to abnormal hemoglobin, which prevents red blood cells from doing their job.

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Low protein. Some alleles of HBB produce little or no beta-globin protein. They cause some types of beta-thalassemia, a genetic disorder in which people have too few red blood cells.

Modified proteins. Some of the HBB alleles code for an abnormal form of the beta-globin protein. Depending on how the beta-globin protein is modified, alleles of this type can cause many diseases.

Depending on the protein produced, two human HBB alleles are linked. Beta-globin proteins are made from both alleles, and they combine independently to form hemoglobin.

Normally, healthy people with the HBB allele make good beta-globin protein, and red blood cells can do their job. Thus, the hemoglobin disorder follows an autosomal inheritance pattern: it takes two inactive alleles to cause the disorder, one in each parent. Sickle cell disease and many forms of beta-thalassemia work in this way.

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However, in some cases, hemoglobinopathies follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern: it only takes one inactive HBB allele to cause the disorder. A child may inherit a disorder from an affected parent. Oxygen transporters and some forms of beta-thalassemia work in this way.

With combined alleles—such as the oxygen-carrying allele plus sickle cell, or the sickle allele plus beta-thalassemia—the symptoms of depression also follow a dominant pattern. A person’s symptoms are the result of the effects of both alleles.

Everyone inherits two copies (or alleles) of the Hbb gene – one from each parent. Red blood cells make proteins from alleles and assemble them into hemoglobin. Hemoglobin molecules can contain beta-globin from alleles in the same form.

The cells in the red blood cells divide rapidly, resulting in the formation of all types of blood. The Lord

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