Carbon Neutrality Strategies For Las Vegas Corporations: Sustainability And Profit – On the road to net zero, states face challenges unique to their local geography and resources. In this case study, we examine four custom trails for Nevada.

Achieving net-zero goals requires the deployment of a comprehensive portfolio of carbon management solutions that are technically, economically and socially tailored to the local context.

Carbon Neutrality Strategies For Las Vegas Corporations: Sustainability And Profit

As Nevada designs a carbon reduction plan, it should include an assessment of the potential environmental justice issues that could arise from the deployment of clean energy and carbon capture technologies.

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The range of carbon dioxide (Mt CO2/year) that would need to be captured by direct air capture (DAC) to achieve zero points.

As of January 2022, twenty-four US states and the District of Columbia have declared economy-wide GHG emissions targets through statutory and/or executive action. These targets usually stipulate a certain level of emission reduction by a specified future date. They may also include terms such as “carbon neutral” or “net zero,” which require some carbon removal to eliminate residual emissions.

While there may be countless paths to achieving net zero, not all are created equal. Decisions regarding technical approaches to both carbon reduction and sequestration have different social and economic impacts. These impacts must be considered early and often if net-zero promises are to become action.

The concept of net zero or carbon neutrality is simple in theory: the declaring entity must ensure that no net emissions of carbon dioxide are produced by a given deadline.

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E atmosphere. Any credible net-zero plan begins with a thorough assessment of emissions: where they occur, why they occur, and what their future trajectories are.

Looking at U.S. emissions by sector immediately shows where efforts need to be made (Figure 1, left). However, there are two problems with taking such a broad view of the problem. The first is that regional contributions across sectors can be very different in one region of the country.

To zoom in, let’s look at the case of Nevada (Figure 1, right). Like the United States as a whole, most emissions come from transportation and electricity, but Nevada’s numbers are higher than the national average. In contrast, there are fewer emissions from agriculture, which is understandable given the dry climate, and from industry due to issues related to resource availability and proximity to markets.

Figure 1: Sectoral emissions at the national (left) and state (right) levels show similar trends, but also highlight the importance of tailoring the net-zero plan to a specific country’s needs and resources (EPA 2019, NDEP 2020, SNDT 2021b).

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A problem that can be much bigger is the scale of the emissions. According to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard (GHGP 2015), emissions can be classified into three categories (Figure 2):

In this report, we focus on Scope 1 emissions, as these are the emissions over which companies and individuals have direct control. For the transportation sector, we also included fuel production emissions (Scope 3) in our estimates because most of these emissions are outside the state and a change in fuel consumption in Nevada could prevent these emissions.

One complication is that scope 1 emissions in one state may be scope 2 or 3 emissions in another state. Consider, for example, a power plant in California that supplies electricity to Nevada. These emissions are considered Scope 1 in California and Scope 2 in Nevada. Similarly, cars manufactured in Nevada may have 3. emissions in other states.

A full understanding of scope is important because, in addition to showing where to focus efforts, it also shows how to exercise control. For example, if a company produces its own electricity, that company has several options to reduce production-related carbon dioxide emissions. Conversely, if this electricity comes from elsewhere, there may not be a direct route to achieving emissions reductions at the source. In such cases, the company has three options: reduce consumption, switch suppliers or turn to carbon offsets to compensate. Many solutions involve a combination of these strategies.

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Another complication arising from net-zero tracks is the potential for emissions leakage. In this sense, leakage does not mean the physical leakage of emissions from storage tanks, but rather the economic leakage of emissions resulting from local emission reduction efforts. For example, a lime producer who is required by the state to reduce carbon emissions or retrofit carbon capture and storage (CCS) may instead move operations out of state. While this shift in emissions may show favorably on the state’s ledger toward net zero, emissions are not reduced, but shifted outside the accounting limits.

The opposite situation may also arise, where the activities of neighboring countries may channel emissions into the country through economic activity-induced leakage and/or population inflows. For example, Nevada’s two western neighbors, California and Oregon, both have zero goals. Therefore, it is important that Nevada closely monitors the policies and efforts of neighboring states to minimize adverse impacts from interstate spillage.

Figure 3: Three approaches to net zero: reducing emissions, avoiding emissions and removing emissions. Neither approach can achieve zero on its own.

Reduce: The most widely developed approach involves emitting less in the first place. For this, it is necessary to develop energy sources with low CO2 emissions (e.g. sun, wind, geothermal energy, biomass), electrify cars and homes, increase the energy efficiency of processes and buildings, and decommission fossil fuel-based power generation systems. , especially coal.

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Avoid: Reduction strategies often address only a fraction of emissions, and many industries continue to produce carbon dioxide

As an inevitable by-product. Here, technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCUS) can help prevent much of the CO2 from being released

Should be placed in long-term storage either by underground injection into suitable reservoirs or by converting them into long-life products.

Removal: Even after deep reductions and avoidance, the gap between climate targets may need to be closed through direct carbon removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. CDR can address current and legacy emissions and generally falls into two categories: nature-based approaches and technology-based approaches. Nature-based approaches include reforestation, afforestation and increasing soil organic carbon. Technical approaches include direct air capture (DAC) or carbon mineralization for long-term CO storage

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. Both nature-based and technological solutions are needed to remove carbon from the atmosphere. A balanced implementation of these strategies, taking into account local resources and environmental and social needs, is essential to ensure the successful achievement of carbon net neutrality.

Removal may appear to play a similar role in reducing emissions that cannot be reduced, capturing carbon at source is more energy efficient and cheaper (Pilorgé et al. 2020, Psarras et al. 2020). Therefore, whenever possible, prevention should be preferred over removal.

As part of a larger effort to mitigate climate change, Nevada has pledged to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In 2017, greenhouse gas emissions totaled 43.8 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO).

E by 2050 if no efforts are made to control carbon dioxide emissions. Nevada had a population of 3.17 million in 2021 (SNDT 2021) and has one of the highest population growth rates in the nation, projected to reach 3.79 million in 2040 (SNDT 2020). It is also one of the most urbanized states, with over 90% of the population living in cities (Iowa State University 2010).

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Nevada is also the driest state in the country (World Atlas 2019), with an average annual rainfall of only 250 mm (NOAA 2021). Due to water scarcity, local ecosystems consist of 74% desert and semi-desert, 15% forests and woodlands, 7% shrubs and herbs, and 5% other ecosystems (USGS 2016a). This desert environment is suitable for solar energy production, with an average horizontal solar irradiance of 4.5-5.25 kWh/m

/day with seasonal variation in the southern part of the state (NREL 2018). Nevada also has one of the largest geothermal resources in the nation (DOE 2018).

Nearly 87% of the state’s land is owned by the federal government (NACO 2020), and 63% of the state is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (DOI n.d.). Nevada has extensive mining operations that extract gold, silver, copper, diatomite, limestone, sand, and gravel (NVMA 2020, USGS 2020). The mining subsector consumed over 36.5-66.4 million GJ (including grid electricity) in the late 2010s (Evolved Energy 2020, TNC NV 2018) and generated over $8 billion in 2019 (USGS 2020), the largest of any state .

Forecasting to 2050 is difficult due to many uncertainties. Will current trends maintain the same trajectory? Do the projects require different levels of economic investment? What effects can the actions and decisions (political and other) of neighboring countries have on the country? And how might priorities change due to climate feedback events? To address these inherent uncertainties, we define a business-as-usual scenario and four unique carbon reduction scenarios with incremental assumptions and actions.

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As many strategies in the transport, construction and industrial sectors are based on increased electrification, it is important to monitor demand growth in terms of land use and transmission.

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