4 Types Of Tissues And Their Functions – By the end of this section, you should be able to complete all of the following tasks, including answering the guidance questions associated with each task.

The body has at least 200 different types of cells. These cells have essentially the same internal structures, but are very different in shape and function. Different types of cells are not randomly distributed throughout the body. Rather, in organized layers, a level of organization called texture occurs.

4 Types Of Tissues And Their Functions

The term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body. Cells within a tissue share a common embryonic origin. Microscopic observations show that the cells of a tissue have common morphological characteristics and are arranged in a regular pattern that realizes the function of the tissue. From an evolutionary perspective, tissues appear in more complex organisms. For example, multicellular protists, ancient eukaryotes, do not have cells that are organized into tissues. Having tissue-level organization increases the body’s efficiency, as different shapes and internal structures are better suited to perform different functions. Having different textures for different functions makes it faster in the activity and more effective in performing different activities.

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Although there are many different types of cells in the human body, they are divided into four general categories of tissues:

, muscular and nervous. Each of these categories is characterized by specific functions that contribute to the overall health and maintenance of the body. Disruption of the structure is a sign of injury or disease. Such changes can be detected through histology, a microscopic study of the appearance, organization and function of tissue.

Epithelium also refers to cell sheets that cover the external surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passages, and form certain glands.

As its name suggests, it connects the cells and organs of the body and acts in the protection, support and integration of all parts of the body. Muscle tissue is excitable, responds to stimulation and contraction to provide movement, and occurs as three main types: skeletal (

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) muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle in the heart. Nervous tissue is also excitable and allows the release of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different areas of the body (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Four tissue types: Body. Four types of tissue are examples in nervous tissue, stratified squamous epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and connective tissue in the small intestine. Clockwise from neural tissue, LM × 872, LM × 282, LM × 460, LM × 800. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

The next level of organ organization is where several tissue types come together to form a functional unit. Just as knowing the structure and function of cells helps you study tissues, knowledge of tissues helps you understand how organs work. In this chapter, epithelial and connective tissues are discussed in detail. In this section, muscle and nerve tissue will be discussed briefly.

Most epithelial tissues are essentially large sheets of cells that cover all body surfaces exposed to the outside world and line the exterior of organs and body cavities. Epithelium also forms most of the glandular tissue of the body. The skin is not the only part of the body that is exposed to the outside. Other areas include the airways, gastrointestinal tract, as well as the urinary and reproductive tracts, all lined by an epithelium. Hollow organs and body cavities that are not connected to the outside of the body, which include blood vessels and serous membranes, are lined by endothelium (plural = endothelium), which is a type of epithelium.

Marathi Solution] What Is Tissue? Which Are The Functions Of Tissue?

All epithelia have some important structural and functional characteristics. This tissue is highly cellular with little or no extracellular material between the cells. Epithelial cells exhibit polarity by differences in structure and function between the facing or apical surface of the cell and the basal surface close to the underlying body structures. Special structures found in some epithelial cells are adaptations for specific functions. Certain organelles are detached to the sides of the base, while other organelles and extensions, such as cilia, are located on the apical surface, if present. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides the junction of the epithelium and separates it from the underlying connective tissue. The basal lamina is attached to a reticular layer that is secreted by the underlying connective tissue and forms a basement membrane that helps hold it all together.

. For example, no blood vessels cross the basement membrane to enter the tissue, and nutrients must be obtained by diffusion or absorption from the underlying or surface tissues. Many epithelial tissues are able to quickly replace damaged and dead cells. The removal of damaged or dead cells is a feature of the surface epithelium, allowing our airways and digestive system to rapidly replace damaged cells with new ones.

Epithelial tissues provide the body’s first line of defense against physical, chemical, and biological wear and tear. Epithelial cells act as the body’s gatekeepers, controlling permeability and allowing the selective transport of substances across a physical barrier. All substances that enter the body must pass through the epithelium. Some epithelia often have structural features that allow the selective transfer of molecules and

Many epithelial cells are able to secrete and diffuse mucus and specific chemical compounds on their apical surfaces. The epithelium of the small intestine lines the digestive tract

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, For example. The cells lining the respiratory tract secrete mucus that traps incoming microorganisms and particles. Glandular epithelium contains many secretory cells.

Epithelial tissues are classified based on the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed (Figure 2). Cell shapes can be squamous (flat and thin), cubic (boxy, as tall as wide) or columnar (rectangular, taller than wide). Similarly, the number of cell layers in a tissue can be one layer – where every cell rests on a basal layer – which is a simple epithelium, or more than one layer where a stratified epithelium has only the basal layer of cells on the basal layer. has it. Pseudo-stratified lamina (pse = “pseudo”) describes a tissue with an irregularly shaped cell layer that gives the appearance of more than one layer. Transitional describes a form of specialized stratified epithelium in which the shape of the cells can vary.

Simple epithelium: The shape of the cells in the single cell layer of the simple epithelium indicates the function of those cells. Simple squamous epithelium cells have an appearance in the form of thin scales. Squamous cell nuclei are usually flat, horizontal, and oval, reflecting the shape of the cell. Simple squamous epithelium is present due to the thinness of the cell where rapid passage of chemical compounds is observed. The alveoli of the lung where gases are released, parts of the kidney tubules and the lining of the capillaries are also made of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

Figure 2. Types of epithelial tissue. Simple epithelial tissue is organized as a single layer of cells, and stratified epithelial tissue is formed by several layers of cells. Pseudoepithelial tissue is a layer of cells that appear to be multi-layered due to the location of their nuclei. Epithelial tissue is mostly characterized by the shape of the apical layer of cells in the tissue.

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In simple cuboidal epithelium, the nuclei of the box cells appear rounded and are generally located near the center of the cell. These epithelia are active in the secretion and absorption of molecules. Simple cuboidal epithelium is observed in the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of glands (Figure 3).

In simple columnar epithelium, the nuclei of long columnar cells tend to be elongated and are located at the basal end of the cells (Figure 3). This epithelium, like cuboidal epithelium, is active in absorption and secretion of molecules. Simple columnar epithelium forms the lining of some parts of the digestive system and parts of the female reproductive system. Ciliated columnar epithelium of simple columnar epithelial cells with

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but is instead composed of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently sized columnar cells. In pseudostratified epithelium, the nuclei of neighboring cells appear at different levels rather than being grouped within the epithelium.

End (Figure 3). It gives an appearance of classification. But in fact, all cells are in contact with the basal layer, although some of them do not reach the basal layer

Muscle Tissue Types

Stratified Epithelium: A stratified epithelium consists of several layers of stacked cells. This epithelium protects against physical and chemical wear. A stratified epithelium is named after the shape of the most apical layer of cells, closest to the free space.

Stratified squamous epithelium is the most common type of stratified epithelium in the human body. The apical cells are squamous, while the basal layer consists of columnar or cuboidal cells. The top layer may be filled with dead cells

. Mammalian skin is an example of this dry, keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium. particle for direct object

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