What Is The Role Of Bacteria In The Nitrogen Cycle – . Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature They are structurally simple but functionally complex organisms that are the basis of all life on Earth Most bacteria, with a few exceptions, are beneficial to their environment They play a variety of important roles in ecosystems such as breaking down toxic substances, recycling nutrients, and fixing nitrogen from the air into the soil.
Now, we know how to define bacteria and bacteria Before proceeding, let’s answer some basic questions about viruses
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What Is The Role Of Bacteria In The Nitrogen Cycle
Answer: Yes, bacteria are living organisms Microorganisms are organisms that are microscopic, and as such, individual cells of bacteria can be seen using a microscope. Other microorganisms are archaea, fungi and some fungi
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Answer: Caulerpa tachyfolia is considered to be the largest single-celled organism that can be six to twelve inches long. It is an algae and not a bacteria The largest single bacterial cell is Thiomargarita namibiensis (a Gram-negative coccoid proteobacterium), which can grow up to 0.75 mm (750 μm) in diameter.
Answer: Clever! A virus is a cell itself! However, bacteria are single-celled, and thus, compared to multicellular organisms, bacteria have only one cell (hence, unicellular) with many cells organized into tissues and organs.
Answer: Eubacteria is another name for bacteria This term is used to distinguish them from another group of prokaryotes, the archaea, which are now simply called archaea. Examples of eubacteria can be found in this article
Microscopic, single-celled organisms that contain a prokaryotic type of cell structure, which means they have cells, are the king monara.
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, and their DNA (usually circular) can be found in the cytoplasm rather than a membrane-bound nucleus. They reproduce by fission or by forming spores They can live almost everywhere They can live in all kinds of environments, such as soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, seawater, deep underground, the stratosphere and even in the bodies of other organisms. Word Origin: From Ancient Greek
Bacteria are one of the first forms of life on Earth The oldest known fossils are bacteria. The bacteria we know today are the result of 3 billion years of natural selection They have emerged as the most successful life form on Earth as they have colonized almost the entire Earth and its different habitats It is one of the most diverse organisms known to mankind Bacteria and archaea probably diverged from their common ancestors during evolutionary time
Fig.: Domains of cellular life proposed by Karl Voys et al 1990 Image credit: Eric Gaba, CC-licensed
Along with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are the kingdom Monera, which are also prokaryotic. Bacteria can be classified based on their shape:
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(vibration) Other ways of classifying them are based on whether they are: gram-positive or gram-negative, aerobic or anaerobic, autotrophic or heterotrophic,
Antony van Leeuwenhoek is credited with discovering bacteria in 1676 using his early microscopy techniques.
Bacteria can be classified according to different criteria The widely accepted and common criteria are discussed below
Bacteria are by far the smallest independently created organisms Most bacterial spores are 0.1 – 10 µm in size Check out some interesting facts about viruses
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As discussed earlier, different bacteria have different shapes Some common shapes of bacteria are mentioned below
Newly isolated bacteria from certain genera have a special ability to coexist and form unique systems For example,
It appears to have arranged itself in pairs This system should not be used for the purpose of detecting viruses
Bacteria often coat themselves with a thin layer, often made of polysaccharides and sometimes of polypeptides.
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The capsule is thick, transparent and hydrophilic and protects the bacteria from its immediate environment
Colonies of encapsulated bacteria give a mucoid appearance and are described as smooth colonies. The production of capsules depends on the growth medium Serial culture in a lab can cause bacteria to lose their capsules and such colonies are described as solid.
The bacteria of some organisms depend on their capsules Capsules help bacteria to attach and colonize various surfaces by evading defenses For example,
, with its capsule intact, can easily escape opsonization and phagocytosis and thus cause disease in the host organism.
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The cell wall is a tough coat inside the capsule but outside the cell proper Cell wall is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells It helps bacteria maintain their specific shape, prevent osmotic lysis of the cell, attachment to surfaces, evasion of the host immune system, and mechanical damage to the cell. Bacteria are classified into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on their cell wall Their differences can be seen in the table below
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane of bacteria composed of a phospholipid bilayer. It is exceptionally rich in protein content which can exceed 70% It contains no sterols; however,
Is an exception Cell membrane is important for various functions of the cell It is involved in DNA synthesis, cell wall synthesis, electron transport chain, cell division, and
Flagella are long filamentous structures that surround bacteria and help them move Flagella have 2 major parts: (1)
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A small hair-like projection with a small hollow-core on the surface of the pili germ Common chickens are used for domestication and therefore, they are an important structure of the virus Some authors describe normal piles as fimbriae For example,
Pili use it to attach to uroepithelial cells, without which it cannot penetrate and cause gonorrhea. A special type of pilus, known as sex pilus, is used to exchange genetic information between two different bacteria.
Figure 8: Germ cell with several normal pili and a sex pilus Image credit: Charles C. Brinton Jr. (NIH).
Cytosol is the granular interior of bacteria It looks granular due to the abundance of ribosomes in its base
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The nucleoid, or nuclear body, contains a large, tightly packed, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that encodes all the information needed by the bacterium. It contains about 4000 genes Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria have no nuclear membrane This gives them the ability to quickly adapt to changing environments
Plasmids are extra genetic material present in the form of small circular double-stranded DNA that is functionally separate from chromosomal DNA. It may code for enzymes conferring antibiotic resistance, information for sex pilus production, enhancing intercellular genetic exchange through conjugation, and certain virulence factors such as exotoxins.
Some bacteria form non-reproductive, dormant, resistant and dehydrated structures when they experience changes in their environment that make it difficult to survive. These spores can reproduce the cells that originally formed the spores Examples of bacteria that are spore-forming;
Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature They are so numerous that their collective biomass exceeds that of plants alone There is an estimate of 2 x 1030 bacteria on Earth They have managed to inhabit most of the habitats on Earth such as oceans, soil, deep biosphere, hydrothermal vents, glacial rocks, etc. They live in the intestines and skin of animals Gut bacteria are so important that animals cannot digest food without the help of bacteria. In humans, we have so many bacteria in our gut that we are only 10% human at the per-cell level.
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Extremophiles are bacteria capable of surviving in extreme environments that are hostile to almost all life forms. Various types of organisms living in extreme conditions are presented in the table
Let us now learn about the metabolism of bacteria, especially their metabolic activities related to growth, reproduction and transformation.
The small size and simple structure of bacteria enable them to reproduce quickly Physiologically, they can reproduce quickly until nutrients become available The growth of a bacterium with a limited amount of nutrients can be compartmentalized
At this stage, no active division of cells is taking place Cells are in the process of gathering nutrients to synthesize the macromolecules needed for division. At this stage there is no change in the population of cells
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Active division of germ cells is taking place during this phase The population of bacteria is growing rapidly The slope of this phase is directly proportional
Nutrients are lost due to the division of bacterial cells This limits the number of active partitions of the virus At this stage, the number of bacteria dying equals the number of newly appearing bacteria Hence, a straight line appears on the graph Most of the changes occur during this phase due to endogenous reactive oxygen species
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction that is used by most
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