What Is The Myelin Sheath Composed Of

What Is The Myelin Sheath Composed Of – Myelin sheath is a substance that exists in the neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The myelin sheath is a protective layer that wraps around the axons of neurons to help insulate the neurons and enable the transmission of electrical signals.

What Is The Myelin Sheath Composed Of

The myelin sheath is a lipid-rich, insulating layer that surrounds the axons of many nerve cells. Produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, it works to speed up nerve impulses. The sheath is segmented, with gaps called nodes of Ranvier, which play an important role in the rapid transmission of electrical messages along the axon.

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An axon is usually wrapped by a myelin sheath around its entire length in order to increase the speed of electrical signals, allowing all actions to be carried out quickly.

Myelin sheath is made up of lipids and proteins, which are made of fat and have a white color. This creates a protective sleeve that wraps around the axon of neurons. The sheath is made of many concentric layers of plasma membrane wrapped tightly around the axon.

There are cracks between 0.2 and 2 mm. in the myelin sheath, these are called nodes of Ranvier. Action potentials (nerve impulses) travel through the axon “jumping” from node to node. This increases the spread.

Myelin was discovered in the mid-19th century when scientists observed neurons through a microscope and saw white material glistening around axons. Rudolf Virchow, the German doctor who made this observation, coined the word ‘myelin’ from the Greek word myelós, which means vital.

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At the time, it was believed that the myelin is at the base of the axon. However, it was later found to be a substance that wraps around the axons of neurons.

Myelin sheath’s main function is to provide insulation for the axons of the neuron it surrounds. This insulation protects the axons in the same way that electrical wires are insulated.

The myelin sheath is a low-voltage material that has poor electrical conductivity, which means it can act as an insulator without interfering with the electrical signal traveling in the axon.

Since the myelin sheath provides insulation for axons, the axons can conduct electrical signals at a faster rate than if they were not blocked by myelin. Thus, the more myelinated an axon is, the higher the speed of electrical transmission.

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For example, one of the most myelinated axons can generate energy at a speed of approximately 70 to 120 m/s, the speed of a racing car.

Similarly, the myelin sheath around the axon can prevent electrical impulses from traveling through the sheath and out of the axon.

It prevents the movement of ions into or out of the neuron, also known as depolarization. This means that the current of the action potential only flows through the axon.

The more potential, the more neurons can communicate with each other, send electrical and chemical messages, and keep the brain healthy and functioning.

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When the myelin sheath wraps around the axons, there are small, invisible gaps in the myelin sheath, called nodes of Ranvier. These are special molecular structures formed by the myelin sheath, which contain voltage-sensitive sodium and potassium ion channels.

As the electrical impulses cannot travel through the myelin sheath, it instead ‘jumps’ from one point of Ranvier to another in the saltation process.

This type of conduction is important for electrical impulses to be generated quickly and means that less energy is required to make electrical signals. This is because less energy is needed in myelinated axons to conduct impulses.

Myelin plays an important role in ensuring that our nerves are properly transmitted, and it does so by regulating the potassium levels that rise during transmission.

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In 1854, Rudolf Virchow introduced the term “myelin”, derived from the Greek word for bone, to describe the structure of the brain.

Since 1949, the most important thing is that myelin’s sole function is to improve the speed of the nerve and reduce the intensity of the axons.

However, recent findings challenge this theory, suggesting that myelin and the cells that produce it can change as neural activity progresses, thus affecting how neural circuits work. .

This expands the understanding of myelin and its relationship with neurons sheds light not only on its role in the functioning of the body, but also in the diseases of many different ways. mental and emotional disorders.

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Myelination is produced by the myelin sheath. Therefore, axons covered by this insulating coat are said to be myelinated axons. If the myelin sheath does not surround an axon, it is said to be unmyelinated.

The more myelinated axons a person has, the faster their response to stimuli will be because myelin sheaths act as nerve impulses. Therefore, unmyelinated axons will mean that a person will not respond quickly.

Similarly, in unmyelinated axons, the electrical signal will not be accelerated by the nodes of Ranvier, meaning that the signal will pass through all parts of the cell, which for slowing down the speed of signal conduction.

The myelin sheath is made up of different types of glia cells. Glia cells reside in the CNS and PNS, which function to regulate homeostasis, and provide support and protection for neurons.

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The two types of glia cells that produce myelin are Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells are located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) while oligodendrocytes are located in the central nervous system (CNS).

Schwann cells originate from the neural crest, which is a group of embryonic cells. Therefore, Schwann cells will first begin to myelinate axons during fetal development. Schwann cells are surrounded by a layer of tissue called the basal lamina.

The outside of the basal lamina is covered in a layer of tissue called the endoneurium. Endoneurium contains blood vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Finally, the inner region of the lamina layer meets the plasma membrane of Schwann cells.

For the myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells in the PNS, the plasma membrane of the cells must wrap itself around the axons of the neuron concentrically, spiraling additional membrane layers.

Axon And (sheath Or Myelin Or Schwann) Hi Res Stock Photography And Images

This plasma membrane contains a large amount of fat that is essential for the construction of the myelin sheath. Sometimes, as many as 100 revolutions of Schwann cells spiral around the axons of neurons.

Initially, myelin was believed to be secreted by neurons as an insulator. However, a century later, stainings by Pio Del Rio Hortega and Wilder Penfield show that myelin originates not from neurons but from oligodendrocytes.

Oligodendrocytes can form many myelin sheaths on various axons, which help to support the nerves quickly, especially on the muscle of Ranvier.

In the CNS, oligodendrocytes are glia cells that also form myelin sheaths. Oligodendrocytes are star-shaped cells that have up to 15 arms protruding from their cell bodies, meaning they are able to myelinate many axons at once.

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Like Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes spiral around the axons of neurons to form a myelin sheath. The cell body and the nucleus of oligodendrocytes, however, remain separate from the shell and therefore do not wrap around the axon, unlike Schwann cells.

The oligodendrocytes recycle around the axon to form a lipid-rich membrane, thus functioning similarly to Schwann cells.

The initiation of myelination is often triggered by neuronal activity in the CNS. This has been proven in studies of mice, some of which have grown in the dark and some in the light.

It was found that the nerve cells of the mice that grew in the dark had less myelinated axons than those that did not grow in the dark.

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Overall, it has been shown that the degree of myelination depends on the amount of neuronal activity, with the neuronal activity increasing on myelination.

Myelination occurs during embryonic development and then is a continuous process from birth, maturing at about 2 years. During this stage, the motor and sensory organs are matured, and cerebral myelination is usually complete.

However, some systems are myelinated later in life, with some connections between the thalamus and prefrontal cortex maturing between the ages of 5 and 7 years.

Similarly, myelination of connections between areas of the cerebral cortex continues into the 20s and 30s of humans. Generally, myelination in the brain and cerebellum will grow first, followed by the maturation of myelination in the lobes of the cerebral cortex.

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Most people between the ages of 20 and 29 years old will be at their peak in their ability to exercise because the myelination has grown in those areas.

However, myelination continues to develop throughout adulthood in areas responsible for integrating information for purposeful activities, such as the association area, finally up to 50.

Although there is continued myelination in the involved areas, the brain begins to decline in most of the 20s, with the thinning of the cortex and the reduction of oligodendrocytes.

Problems with myelination can be caused by damage, disease, trauma, genetic changes, and autoimmune diseases. If the myelin sheath of the axons is damaged or unable to form, this can cause the electrical signals traveling in the axons to be slowed down or interrupted.

Question Video: Describing The Structure Of The Myelin Sheath

The myelin

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