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What Is The Function Of Liver In Human Body
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Human Anatomy Liver Model Closeup. . Structure And Function Of Liver And Disease Stock Image
The liver, the largest gland in the body, is a spongy mass of wedge-shaped lobes with many metabolic and secretory functions. The liver secretes bile, a digestive fluid; Metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates and fats; stores glycogen, vitamins and other substances; Synthesizes blood clotting factors; Removes waste and toxins from the blood; Regulates blood volume; and destroys old red blood cells.
Liver tissue consists of a mass of cells that tunnel through bile ducts and blood vessels. Liver cells make up 60 percent of the tissue and perform more metabolic functions than any other group of cells in the body. A second group of cells, called Kupffer cells, line the smallest channels of the liver’s vascular system and play a role in hematopoiesis, antibody production, and ingestion of foreign particles and cellular debris.
Each day the liver secretes about 800 to 1,000 ml (about 1 quart) of bile, which contains bile salts necessary for the digestion of dietary fats. Bile is a medium for the excretion of certain metabolic waste products, drugs and toxins. A duct system carries bile from the liver to the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum of the small intestine and joins the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored. The presence of fat in the duodenum stimulates the flow of bile from the gallbladder and small intestine. Senescent (worn out) red blood cells are destroyed in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. A pigment, bilirubin, is formed in the process of hemoglobin breakdown, is released into the bile, producing its characteristic green-orange color, and is excreted from the body through the intestines.
Liver cells synthesize many enzymes. As blood flows to the liver, cells and enzymes are filtered from the portal vein and hepatic artery. Nutrients entering the liver from the intestines are converted into forms that can be used by body cells or stored for future use. Fats are converted to fatty acids, then converted to carbohydrates or ketone bodies, and transported by blood to tissues, where they are further metabolized. Sugars are converted into glycogen, which is stored in the liver until needed for energy production; It is then converted into glucose and released into the bloodstream. The liver produces blood serum proteins, including albumin and several clotting factors, and delivers them to the blood. The liver also metabolizes nitrogenous waste products and detoxifies toxins, preparing them for excretion in the urine or feces.
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A common symptom of impaired liver function is jaundice, a yellowing of the eyes and skin caused by excess bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice can be caused by abnormally high red blood cell destruction (hemolytic jaundice), deficiency of bilirubin through liver cells (hepatocellular jaundice) or blockage of the transport or bile duct system (obstructive jaundice). Failure of liver cells to function can be caused by hepatitis, cirrhosis, tumors, vascular occlusion, or toxicity. Symptoms may include weakness, low blood pressure, easy bruising and bleeding, tremors, and fluid accumulation in the abdomen. Blood tests may reveal abnormal levels of bilirubin, cholesterol, serum proteins, urea, ammonia, and various enzymes. A needle biopsy can establish a specific diagnosis of a liver problem.
Liver is subject to various disorders and diseases. Abscess can occur with acute appendicitis; Occurrence in the bile ducts can be caused by gallstones or following surgery. The parasite that causes amoebic diarrhea in the tropics can also produce liver ulcers. Different parasites in different parts of the world also affect the liver. Liver cancer is common, often occurring as secondary tumors that develop elsewhere in the body. Glycogen-storage diseases, a group of inherited disorders, cause the liver to build up glycogen and create an insufficient supply of glucose in the blood. Certain medications can damage the liver and cause jaundice.Abdominal wall Peritoneum Stomach Spleen Liver Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Kidneys and ureters Nerves, vessels, and lymphatic vessels of the abdomen
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Understanding The Liver’s Multifaceted Functions
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The primary processing facility of the body is the liver. Most of the ingested and subsequently digested material is absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine and sent to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. This organ is special not only because of its function but also because of its structure. In particular, you can study and think about the liver in two distinct ways – the anatomical one is divided into lobes and the functional one is divided into segments and segments. In a way it follows a similar logic to the lungs.
This article will outline the divisions and divisions of the liver in addition to the blood supply and portacaval anastomoses.
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Anatomically, the liver is considered to have four main lobes. There is a small left lobe and a large right lobe (which are separated at the falciform ligament), as well as a caudate and a quadrate lobe (which are part of the anatomical right lobe).
However, the distribution of the portal blood supply and the biliary drainage of the liver allows organ function to be divided into four divisions, which are then divided into a total of eight divisions.
Division of the liver into equal functional left and right lobes is done by drawing a line through the middle of the gallbladder and the inferior vena cava. In contrast to the anatomic segmentation that results in the caudate and quadrate lobes between the right and left anatomic lobes of the liver, this segment is part of the functional left lobe.
Each functional lobe can then be divided into its respective sections. The functional left lobe is divided into a left lateral and left medial compartment by the attachment of the falciform ligament and by fissures for the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum teres. The left lateral lobe lies to the left of the fissures and falciform ligament, while the left medial lobe lies between this line and the main border dividing the liver into its functional lobes.
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Soon your brain will be full of all the liver anatomy – but don’t forget about the rest of the digestive system! Test yourself on all digestive system systems with our digestive system quizzes and learning tools.
Similarly, the functional right lobe is divided into right medial and right lateral segments by an oblique line running anteriorly from the middle of the right side to the vena cava groove. Unlike other departmental landmarks, there is no visible appearance in the liver, which explains the division of the functional right lobe. It should also be noted that due to the rounded shape of the lateral border of the liver, the right medial and right lateral segments are sometimes referred to as the right anterior and right posterior segments, respectively.
Each segment is then divided into two, creating eight hepatic segments. With the patient rotated, and the liver reflected at its lower border toward the diaphragm, the segments are counted clockwise around the porta hepatis.
The hepatic portal vein is responsible for supplying approximately 70% of the blood passing through the liver. The remaining approximately 30% is carried by the hepatic artery. The hepatic portal vein arises from the union of the splenic vein, the inferior mesenteric vein, and the superior mesenteric vein. It also receives tributaries from the right and left gastric veins. The left gastroepiploic vein passes through the splenic vein to the portal vein; The right gastroepiploic vein, inferior and superior pancreatic veins do so via the superior mesenteric vein.
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The left lateral segment processes blood from the stomach and lower esophagus, the distal body and tail of the pancreas, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the hindgut.
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