What Could Cause Blood In The Urine

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Hemorrhagic cystitis is most noticeable when blood turns the urine orange, pink, or red. A small amount of blood can change the color of urine, which can be alarming, but is not always a sign of severe blood loss. Regardless of how much blood is in the urine, any blood in the urine is considered abnormal and a reason to seek immediate medical attention to prevent the bleeding from getting worse.

What Could Cause Blood In The Urine

Certain types of medications can increase the risk of hemorrhagic cystis. The most common is ifosfamide. A similar chemotherapy agent known as cyclophosphamide rarely leads to blood in the urine when given intravenously.

Blood In Urine

An infection known as BK virus is a rare cause of hemorrhagic cystitis and usually only occurs in people who have been immunocompromised for a long period of time, such as those with HIV infection, or those who have received a stem cell transplant from a donor (allogeneic transplant).

The duration of bleeding depends on the cause and the severity of the injury to the bladder wall. Sometimes patients need hospitalization if the injury is severe.

MESNA is routinely given with any chemotherapy regimen that includes ifosfamide, and some cyclophosphamide-containing regimens that have doses or durations high enough to cause hemorrhagic cystitis.

If the hemorrhagic cystitis is due to ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide, additional MESNA will probably be given. If bleeding from the bladder is profuse, patients may require hospitalization for continuous bladder irrigation as directed by urologists.

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If the hemorrhagic cystitis is due to infection, antoviral medication can be prescribed and will probably be administered intravenously “Gross hematuria” occurs wh urine appears red, brown, or tea-colored because of the presce of blood. Hematuria can also be subtle and only detectable with a microscope or laboratory test.

Blood that ters and mixes with the urine can come from any location within the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and in m, the prostate.

Common causes of hematuria include urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, viral disease, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise.

These causes are grouped into glomerular and non-glomerular causes, depending on the involvement of the glomerulus of the kidney.

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Other substances such as certain medicines and foods (eg blackberries, beets, food dyes) can cause urine to appear red.

Menstruation in the woman can also cause the appearance of hematuria and can result in a positive urine dipstick test for hematuria.

A urine dipstick test can also give a false positive result for hematuria if there are other substances in the urine, such as myoglobin, a protein that is excreted in the urine during rhabdomyolysis. A positive urine dipstick test must be confirmed with microscopy, where hematuria is defined by three or more red blood cells per high power field.

If hematuria is detected, a thorough history and physical examination with appropriate further evaluation (eg, laboratory tests) can help determine the underlying cause.

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Many causes can persist as visible hematuria or microscopic hematuria, and so the differential diagnosis is often organized on the basis of glomerular and non-glomerular causes.

While the urine dipstick test can detect heme in red blood cells, it also identifies free hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Free hemoglobin can be found in the urine as a result of hemolysis, and myoglobin can be found in the urine as a result of rhabdomyolysis.

Thus, a positive dipstick test does not necessarily indicate hematuria; rather, microscopy of the urine showing three of more red blood cells per high power field confirms hematuria.

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In women, menstruation can cause the appearance of hematuria and can result in a urine dipstick test positive for hematuria.

Menstruation can be ruled out as a cause of hematuria by asking about menstrual history and ensuring that the urine sample is collected without menstrual blood.

The evaluation of hematuria depends on the visibility of the blood in the urine (ie visible/gross vs microscopic hematuria).

Hematuria alone without accompanying symptoms should raise suspicion of malignancy of the urinary tract until proven otherwise.

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The initial evaluation of patients presenting with signs and symptoms consisting of hematuria includes assessment of hemodynamic status, underlying cause of hematuria, and ensuring urinary drainage. These steps include assessment of the patient’s heart rate, blood pressure, a medical exam by a health care professional, and blood work to ensure that the patient’s hemodynamic status is adequate.

It is important to obtain a detailed history of the patient (ie, recreational, occupational, and medication exposures), as this information may be helpful in suggesting a cause of hematuria.

The physical exam may also be helpful in identifying a cause of the hematuria, as certain signs found on the physical exam may suggest specific causes of the hematuria.

In the evt the first evaluation of hematuria does not show an underlying cause, the evaluation by a doctor who specializes in Urology can continue. This medical evaluation may include, but is not limited to, a history and physical examination by health care professionals, laboratory studies (eg, blood work), cystoscopy, and specialized imaging procedures (eg, CT or MRI).

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The first step in the evaluation of red or brown colored urine is to confirm true hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, where hematuria is defined by three or more red blood cells per high power field.

When gathering information, it is important to ask about direct trauma, urological procedures, mses, and culture-documented urinary tract infection.

If one of these performs, it is appropriate to repeat a urinalysis with urine microscopy in 1 to 2 weeks or after treatment of the infection.

If the results of the urinalysis and urine microscopy show a glomerular origin of hematuria (indicated by proteinuria or red blood cell casts), a consultation with a nephrologist should be made.

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If the results of the urinalysis indicate a non-glomerular origin, a microbiological culture of the urine should be performed, if it has not already been done.

If the culture is positive, treatment of the infection should follow and urinalysis and urine microscopy should be repeated once completed.

If the culture is negative or if hematuria persists after treatment, CT urogram and cystoscopy should be performed.

Note that hemodynamic stability should be monitored and a complete blood count ordered to assess for anemia.

Hematuria Or Blood In The Urine

In summary, those with visible hematuria confirmed by urinalysis and urine microscopy and without rect trauma, urological procedures, mses, or urinary tract infection should undergo cystoscopy and CT urogram.

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect correct evts or newly available information. (March 2023)

After detecting and confirming hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, the first step in evaluating microhematuria is to rule out major causes.

Major causes include urinary tract infection, viral disease, kidney stone, direct injection exercise, mses, rect trauma, or rect urological procedure.

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After major causes have been resolved or are treated, a repeated urinalysis and urine microscopy is warranted to definitely stop hematuria.

If hematuria persists (or if there is a suspected cause), the next step is to stratify the person’s risk for urothelial cancer into low, intermediate, or high risk to determine next steps.

To be in the low-risk category, one must meet all the following criteria: Has never smoked tobacco or less than 10 pack years; is a female less than 50 years old or a man less than 40 years old; has 3-10 red blood cells per high power field; has not had microscopic hematuria; and has no other risk factors for urothelial cancer.

To be in the intermediate risk category, one must meet one of the following criteria: Has smoked 10-30 pack-years; is a woman aged 50-59 or a man aged 40-59; has 11-25 red blood cells per high power field; or was previously a low-risk patient with persistent microscopic hematuria and has 3-25 red blood cells per high power field.

Blood In Urine (hematuria): Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

To be in the high risk category, one must meet one of the following criteria: Has smoked for more than 30 pack-years; is older than 60 years old; or has above 25 red blood cells per high power field on any urinalysis.

For the low risk category, the next step is to repeat a urinalysis with urine microscopy in 6 months or perform a cystoscopy and ral ultrasound.

However, if no underlying cause is discovered, the hematuria should be reevaluated within 12 months with urinalysis and urine microscopy.

In addition, for all risk categories, if a nephrological origin is suspected, consultation with a nephrologist should be made.

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The pathophysiology of hematuria can often be explained by damage to the structures of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra, and in m, the prostate.

Common mechanisms include structural disruption of the glomerular basement membrane and mechanical or chemical erosion of the mucosal surfaces of the gitourinary tract.

If this does not control the bleeding, management should escalate to continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) via a three-port urethral catheter.

If both a large urethral Foley catheter and CBI fail, an urgent cystoscopy in the operating room will be necessary.

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Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection and comprises about 25% of all sepsis cases.

Urosepsis is the result of a systemic inflammatory response to infection and can

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